<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/</link><description>Recent content on Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><lastBuildDate>Mon, 18 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://rrchnm.org/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Debs Invites Arrest</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/debs-invites-arrest/</link><pubDate>Mon, 18 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/debs-invites-arrest/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Clyde Miller hated what he was hearing. It was June 1918, and the U.S. had been at war for a little over a year, and the man on the platform in the park in Canton, Ohio was speaking — passionately, mockingly — about the many ways that the war had undermined the rights of American citizens. Socialists had been sent to jail for criticizing the war, complained Eugene Debs, the most famous Socialist in America: &amp;ldquo;It is extremely dangerous to exercise the constitutional right of free speech in a country fighting to make democracy safe in the world.&amp;rdquo; There was knowing laughter from the crowd of picnicking socialists.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Accessibility Statement</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/accessibility/</link><pubDate>Thu, 26 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/accessibility/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;This is an accessibility statement from the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (RRCHNM).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id="conformance-status"&gt;Conformance status&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Accessibility is a core value at RRCHNM. As a center dedicated to democratizing history and making the past accessible to broad audiences, we believe that commitment must extend to the usability of the digital tools, websites, and resources we create. We work to ensure that our projects are perceivable, operable, understandable, and robust for all users.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>The Monarchs' Bills of Mortality: A Geographical Analysis of Death in Seventeenth-Century London</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/monarchs-bills-of-mortality-geographical-analysis/</link><pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/monarchs-bills-of-mortality-geographical-analysis/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Roy Rosenzweig Prize for Creativity in Digital History Winner</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/roy-rosenzweig-prize-for-creativity-in-digital-history-winner/</link><pubDate>Mon, 08 Dec 2025 14:19:17 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/roy-rosenzweig-prize-for-creativity-in-digital-history-winner/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Congratulations to &lt;a href="https://envisioningsenecavillage.github.io/"&gt;Envisioning Seneca Village&lt;/a&gt; on being selected as the 2025 winner of the &lt;a href="https://www.historians.org/award-grant/roy-rosenzweig-prize-for-creativity-in-digital-history/#:~:text=2023,2014"&gt;American Historical Association’s Roy Rosenzweig Prize for Creativity in Digital History!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



 

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&lt;p&gt;Envisioning Seneca Village is a project depicting what this significant nineteenth-century village might have looked like in the spring of 1855, about two years before it was destroyed by the City of New York to build Central Park. It features an interactive 3D model, a non-interactive tour through the 3D model (A Tour through the Visualization), a printable PDF guide with maps (A Map-based Tour), and supplementary materials. The project is anchored in extensive scholarship and aims to make the village’s history visible to a wide audience.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Lost in the Park: Roy Rosenzweig's Public History Legacy</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/lost-in-the-park-roy-rosenzweigs-public-history-legacy/</link><pubDate>Thu, 04 Dec 2025 12:14:41 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/lost-in-the-park-roy-rosenzweigs-public-history-legacy/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;I first learned of Seneca Village in 2020. That summer, people tired of having to explain why Black Lives Matter and with an online audience freshly enraged at racism turned to history to popularize further examples of how Black people in the United States had been systematically dispossessed and disempowered by the forces of White power. At the time I was researching Black park use in Kansas City, Missouri where Troost Boulevard, and later Highway 71, were used to displace Black &amp;ldquo;slums,&amp;rdquo; leaving lasting economic and health disparities.&lt;sup id="fnref:1"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:1" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; I was finding, like other historians before me, that &amp;ldquo;although not created as a racial barrier, the parks and boulevards system served as one.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:2"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:2" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The news of a Black village buried under what is now Central Park was not surprising. The renewed popular interest in Seneca Village prompted the Central Park Conservancy to install &lt;a href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/assets.centralparknyc.org/media/documents/SenecaVillage_Signs_2023.pdf"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;several historical markers&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; at the site.&lt;sup id="fnref:3"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:3" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; They formed a large outdoor exhibit near the existing New York Parks &amp;amp; Recreation &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=171184"&gt;marker&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup id="fnref:4"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:4" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; What I did not know at the time was that this was not the first time Seneca Village became popular.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>American Religious Ecologies Team Completes Digitization</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/american-religious-ecologies-team-completes-digitization/</link><pubDate>Fri, 29 Aug 2025 08:30:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/american-religious-ecologies-team-completes-digitization/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://religiousecologies.org/"&gt;American Religious Ecologies&lt;/a&gt; seeks to understand how congregations from different religious traditions related to one another by creating new datasets, maps, and visualizations for the history of American religion. After years of photographing, editing, cataloging, and uploading schedules to the American Religious Ecologies website, we are excited to announce that we have uploaded the last of the 1926 religious census schedules. Although our website indicates that we are only 98% complete, we have digitized every schedule from the 1926 Religious Bodies Census housed at the National Archives in Washington, D.C. Unfortunately, over time, many of these schedules have been lost or destroyed. Paper is not a permanent object. It is easily lost, destroyed, and deteriorates over time. The work being done, not just by the Religious Ecologies team, but at RRCHNM as a whole, is essential to ensuring that future generations have access to archival materials. The American Religious Ecologies project is an excellent example of this work and the benefits it can bring to historians&amp;rsquo; understanding of various facets of United States history. The completion of the digitization aspect of this project will enable us to focus more on analyzing the data we have gathered, creating maps, and examining various statistics to better understand the distribution of churches and religion in the United States around 1926.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Graduate Student Reflections: Sustainability Summer</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/graduate-student-reflections-sustainability-summer/</link><pubDate>Mon, 25 Aug 2025 15:40:25 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/graduate-student-reflections-sustainability-summer/</guid><description>&lt;aside&gt;Savannah is a PhD student at George Mason University and a Graduate Research Assistant at RRCHNM.&lt;/aside&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This past summer I had the opportunity to work on RRCHNM’s sustainability team. Our work focused on flattening &lt;a href="https://sustainabledh.org/blog/scott-static-search/"&gt;websites built with content management systems (CMS)&lt;/a&gt;, such as Drupal, Omeka, and WordPress. Flattening refers to the process of simplifying dynamic, database-backed websites to static versions built with only HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. This minimizes server space and reduces security risks. However, flattening comes with trade-offs, such as losing dynamic features like a search function. One of my main roles this summer was creating a &lt;a href="https://sustainabledh.org/blog/building-static-search/"&gt;static site search&lt;/a&gt; for these flattened websites.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>RRCHNM Receives Funding to Create Teaching Guides on the American Revolution</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-receives-funding-to-create-teaching-guides-on-the-american-revolution/</link><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 08:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-receives-funding-to-create-teaching-guides-on-the-american-revolution/</guid><description>&lt;h3 id="funded-through-the-american-historical-association-as-part-of-the-library-of-congress-teaching-with-primary-sources-program-the-teaching-guides-will-support-history-educators-in-teaching-a-more-comprehensive-and-complete-history-of-american-independence"&gt;Funded through the American Historical Association as part of the Library of Congress Teaching with Primary Sources Program, the teaching guides will support history educators in teaching a more comprehensive and complete history of American independence.&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;RRCHNM is proud to announce new grant funding to create two teaching guides for teachers on the history of the American Revolution. The guides are funded by a grant from the Library of Congress Teaching with Primary Sources Mid-Atlantic &amp;amp; US Territories Region, managed by the American Historical Association. These free online resources feature activities for students to engage with Library primary sources to better understand the complex relationships to independence experienced by various groups during the revolutionary era particularly the Black Americans and Indigenous Americans fighting for their own independence on both sides of the conflict. The guides provide activities where students engage with primary sources and model historians’ approach of understanding people in the past through the evidence they left behind. They also contain guidance for incorporating these activities into a typical history curriculum.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Report from the Seventh Conference on Digital Humanities and Digital History</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/report-from-the-seventh-conference-on-digital-humanities-and-digital-history/</link><pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2025 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/report-from-the-seventh-conference-on-digital-humanities-and-digital-history/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;From March 19th to March 21st, 2025, the German Historical Institute (GHI) in Washington, DC hosted the Seventh Conference on Digital Humanities and Digital History. The conference theme, real-time history, drew on Roy Rosenzweig’s call to action that historians need to directly address the methodological potential and risks of the digital age.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Designed as a forum, the conference prompted attendees to share what opportunities, problems, and concerns arise while “documenting the now.” To allow space for unstructured creativity after long days of conferencing, the GHI team and I also arranged a zine-making workshop in which attendees crafted and exhibited their own mini magazines (just for fun!). As a first-time attendee to the DH conference, I was especially struck by how each presenter chose and justified different methodologies to achieve their project goals. The self-management evident in the still-emerging field reminded me of a Do-It-Yourself ethos usually applied to art and music. Scholars, practitioners, and activists discussed the following topics while sharing their experiences tackling real-time archiving.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Carrying On When the Grants Go Away</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/carrying-on-when-the-grants-go-away/</link><pubDate>Fri, 11 Apr 2025 10:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/carrying-on-when-the-grants-go-away/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Over the past three decades, RRCHNM has received many awards from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). We’ve used a truly tiny portion of the federal budget to have a huge impact on individuals and communities. Students in public schools use our teaching resources. Visitors to public history sites learn more from our websites. Citizens wondering about the origin of our nation listen to our podcast about the American Revolution. For literally pennies per person we reach, we’ve had a huge impact on public understandings of the past.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Alumni &amp; Friends Fellowship</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/spotlight/alumni-friends-fellowship/</link><pubDate>Tue, 01 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/spotlight/alumni-friends-fellowship/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Over one hundred PhD students in history from GMU have graduated and gone on to careers as professors and teachers, librarians and archivists, museum professionals and civil servants, software developers and business leaders, among many other careers. They have brought RRCHNM‘s unique combination of digital methods and historical research with them.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;That’s because GMU’s PhD program in history, now in its 25th year, was created to be a “doctorate with a difference.” The PhD program was founded after RRCHNM, with the idea that digital history would be a distinctive aspect of the education we offer. All GMU PhD students take classes in digital history with RRCNM faculty, and many work alongside our faculty and staff on our projects.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Celebrating Women's History Month</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/celebrating-womens-history-month/</link><pubDate>Thu, 06 Mar 2025 14:27:33 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/celebrating-womens-history-month/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Since RRCHNM’s founding in the 1990s, we have been committed to highlighting the contributions women made in the past. One of our first projects was a CD-ROM version of the textbook &lt;em&gt;Who Built America?&lt;/em&gt; which grew out of efforts to reinterpret American history from “the bottom up”—drawing on studies of workers, women, consumers, farmers, African Americans, and immigrants—that has helped transform our understanding of the past. This textbook highlighted perspectives often neglected in traditional teachings of American history, including women’s history.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Teaching, Writing, and Research with AI</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/teaching-writing-and-research-with-ai/</link><pubDate>Thu, 13 Feb 2025 10:29:49 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/teaching-writing-and-research-with-ai/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;When Chat GPT first appeared in November 2022, the almost universal reaction in the humanities community could be summed up in one word – Yikes! Almost without warning this new tool seemed ready to make it incredibly easy for students to “write” essays using prompts that took no more than a minute to produce and then, if they were crafty, another 30 minutes to modify a bit so that it wasn’t quite so obvious that the essay had been written by a large language model (LLM).&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Celebrating Black History Month</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/celebrating-black-history-month/</link><pubDate>Mon, 10 Feb 2025 10:50:48 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/celebrating-black-history-month/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Just a couple miles from RRCHNM is the campus of Woodson High School, part of the Fairfax County Public School system. Until this past year the school was named for W. T. Woodson, the long time superintendent of FCPS and an opponent of school desegregation. Now the school is named after Carter G. Woodson. Born in 1875, Woodson was the second Black man to receive a PhD from Harvard University. Excluded from the American Historical Association and other professional historical circles, Woodson was a creator of institutions to understand and study Black history. Among the many institutions he founded was Negro History Week, founded nearly a century ago in 1926. Woodson’s observance was the precursor to Black History Month, first observed in 1970 and then federally recognized in 1976 for the bicentennial.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Graduate Student Reflections: AHA Presentations</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/graduate-student-reflections-aha-presentations/</link><pubDate>Fri, 07 Feb 2025 12:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/graduate-student-reflections-aha-presentations/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;At the start of January, I had the privilege of attending the American Historical Association and presenting a poster for the Religious Ecologies project. While it was fun to put the poster together and answer the questions from people who came up during the poster session, my favorite part, the most valuable part, was the time spent outside the sessions.&lt;/p&gt;



 

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 &lt;p class="mt-3 text-sm text-white/80 text-center max-w-2xl"&gt;Rachel Whyte with her Religious Ecologies Poster&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Graduate Student Reflections: How Network Analysis Influenced My Research</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/graduate-student-reflections-how-network-analysis-influenced-my-research/</link><pubDate>Mon, 27 Jan 2025 12:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/graduate-student-reflections-how-network-analysis-influenced-my-research/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;As a fifth year PhD candidate in the History Department, I have combined my desire to learn everything I can about female preachers in the early American republic with my enthusiasm for any and all data visualizations and digital humanities tools. Committed to these women, just as they committed themselves to their itinerant ministries, I have expanded my research to include more women, especially Black female preachers, and those from England and Canada who came to the States, and vice-versa. My analysis in my dissertation—a traditional history dissertation—intersects an interest in gender, race, and body studies with a religious history methodology. My focus remains on the women who preached, despite opposition from their families, husbands, pastors, and many others. I center the women, and I still emphasize their relationships with others who supported them.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>NEH Institute Participants Present at AHA on Higher Education History</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/neh-institute-participants-present-at-aha-on-higher-education-history/</link><pubDate>Fri, 17 Jan 2025 11:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/neh-institute-participants-present-at-aha-on-higher-education-history/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Five participants in the&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href="https://www.neh.gov/divisions/education/summer-programs"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NEH-funded institute&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;,&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Unpacking the History of Higher Education,&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;presented the projects they developed at the institute at the&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href="https://www.historians.org/event/2025-aha-annual-meeting/"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;AHA Annual Meeting&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;in January along with project co-directors, Kelly Schrum and Nate Sleeter. The summer 2024 institute brought together faculty members from higher education programs who teach or support history of higher ed courses.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At the AHA 2025 annual meeting in January, RRCHNM’s Nate Sleeter and Kelly Schrum chaired the panel, “Unpacking the History of Higher Education in the United States.” The panel grew out of &lt;a href="https://unpacking.chss.gmu.edu/"&gt;an NEH institute of the same name&lt;/a&gt; directed by Schrum and Sleeter in the summer of 2024 in which 25 faculty from universities nationwide came together to explore the teaching and research of the history of higher ed through archival sources. Institute participants included faculty, advanced doctoral students, librarians, and archivists who teach or support courses on the history of higher education in Higher Education and Student Affairs (HESA) programs.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Connect With RRCHNM at AHA25</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/connect-with-rrchnm-at-aha25/</link><pubDate>Fri, 03 Jan 2025 18:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/connect-with-rrchnm-at-aha25/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Many RRCHNM-ers will be featured in sessions coming up this week at the American Historical Associations Annual Meeting. To connect with RRHCNM and learn more about our current projects, here is a list of those sessions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id="saturday-january-4"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Saturday, January 4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h5 id="digitizing-black-history-at-hbcus-a-collaborative-public-history-approach"&gt;&lt;a href="https://aha.confex.com/aha/2025/webprogram/Session26272.html"&gt;Digitizing Black History at HBCU’s: A Collaborative Public History Approach&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Bowery (Sheraton New York, Lower Level), 8:30am-10am&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Chaired by Marion McGee of &lt;em&gt;the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of African American History and Culture&lt;/em&gt;, and a panel with Catiana Foster of &lt;em&gt;Tuskeegee University,&lt;/em&gt; Timmia King of &lt;em&gt;RRCHNM and George Mason University,&lt;/em&gt; Raymond (Garrad) Lee of &lt;em&gt;Jackson State University,&lt;/em&gt; Barbara Twyman of &lt;em&gt;Florida A&amp;amp;M University,&lt;/em&gt; Shyheim Williams of &lt;em&gt;Clark Atlanta University.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Republic of Tweets</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/republic-of-tweets/</link><pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/republic-of-tweets/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Unpacking the History of Higher Education in the United States</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/unpacking-history-of-higher-education/</link><pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/unpacking-history-of-higher-education/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Digital Scholar Makes Year-End Donation to RRCHNM</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/digital-scholar-makes-year-end-donation-to-rrchnm/</link><pubDate>Fri, 13 Dec 2024 12:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/digital-scholar-makes-year-end-donation-to-rrchnm/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;We are pleased to announce a generous end-of-year donation from our friends and colleagues at Digital Scholar. Their gift of $100,000 will be split equally between the Director’s Innovation Fund, where it will allow us to experiment with new approaches to the study of history, and to the RRCHNM Endowment, which sustains our ongoing operations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://digitalscholar.org/"&gt;Digital Scholar&lt;/a&gt; is a nonprofit organization founded in 2009, and it is dedicated to the development of software and services for researchers and cultural heritage institutions, including Omeka, Zotero, Tropy, PressForward, and Sourcery. The original development of the Zotero and Omeka software projects took place at RRCHNM, and their long-term sustainability was secured via an independent non-profit corporation, Digital Scholar.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Announcing the Alumni and Friends Graduate Fellowship Endowment</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/announcing-the-alumni-and-friends-graduate-fellowship-endowment/</link><pubDate>Mon, 25 Nov 2024 10:15:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/announcing-the-alumni-and-friends-graduate-fellowship-endowment/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Over its thirty years, graduate students in history have been a critical part of the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media. Graduate students don&amp;rsquo;t just take classes and work on faculty projects. &lt;a href="https://rrchnm.org/graduate-student-education/"&gt;They create innovative scholarship that fulfills RRCHNM&amp;rsquo;s mission of creating history in new media.&lt;/a&gt; Most recently, history graduate students at George Mason University have rethought what a dissertation in history can mean, creating dissertations not in the conventional form of a rough draft of a book, but using websites, computation, visualization, and audio to create entirely new forms of scholarship.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Introducing the Denig Manuscript Project</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/introducing-the-denig-manuscript-project/</link><pubDate>Wed, 20 Nov 2024 09:59:41 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/introducing-the-denig-manuscript-project/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;The Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media is pleased to announce the launch of the Denig Manuscript Project, created in collaboration with the Winterthur Museum, Garden &amp;amp; Library.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Denig Manuscript Project brings an eighteenth-century, Pennsylvania-made manuscript and watercolors to life through a collaborative multimedia digital project. High-resolution digital images, updated translations, forensic analysis, sound recordings, and contextual scholarship provide enhanced access to this extraordinary document of religious life in early America. Ludwig Denig (1755–1830) created the ink and watercolor bound volume in 1784, and it remained in private hands until the 1970s. Winterthur Museum, Garden &amp;amp; Library acquired the manuscript as a gift in 2020. Recognizing both the importance of the volume and its fragile physical state, Winterthur received support from the Schwartz Foundation and The Paper Project at the Getty to study and digitize the book. Winterthur and a team of scholars worked with the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media to build a digital humanities site and provide greater access to Denig’s work.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>R2 Studios Receives Dr. Scholl Foundation Grant</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/r2-studios-receives-dr-scholl-foundation-grant/</link><pubDate>Tue, 19 Nov 2024 10:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/r2-studios-receives-dr-scholl-foundation-grant/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;The Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (RRCHNM) is excited to announce that R2 Studioshas received a $10,000 grant from the &lt;a href="https://www.drschollfoundation.com/"&gt;Dr. Scholl Foundation&lt;/a&gt; to advance the studio’s mission to democratize access to history through podcasting.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Founded in 2021, R2 Studios strives to tell unexpected stories based on the latest research to connect listeners with the past.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;“This generous grant from the Dr. Scholl Foundation provides meaningful support for the production of R2 Studios’ current and future series,” said Jim Ambuske, Co-Head of R2 Studios and host of &lt;em&gt;Worlds Turned Upside Down&lt;/em&gt;. “We are especially pleased that it will help underwrite the fourth season of &lt;em&gt;Your Most Obedient &amp;amp; Humble Servant&lt;/em&gt;, which follows the lives of women who lived through the era of the American Revolution.”&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Religious Ecologies Project Releases Introductory Video</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/religious-ecologies-project-releases-introductory-video/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Nov 2024 10:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/religious-ecologies-project-releases-introductory-video/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Recently, the &lt;a href="https://religiousecologies.org/"&gt;Religious Ecologies Project&lt;/a&gt; produced an &lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3hLQIH7NQ4&amp;amp;t=3s"&gt;introductory video&lt;/a&gt; that gives a brief history of the United States Census of Religious Bodies, an overview of this project, and the goals we hope to gain from digitizing these census schedules. Many who frequent our site may be curious about why since a great deal of this information is already in written format on our website. So, why spend time doing something that already exists?&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Connecting Threads Launches Project Site</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/connecting-threads-launches-project-site/</link><pubDate>Wed, 30 Oct 2024 10:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/connecting-threads-launches-project-site/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;On October 11, 2024, the &lt;a href="https://connectingthreads.co.uk/"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Connecting Threads&lt;/em&gt; project launched its website&lt;/a&gt; and celebrated the conclusion of the first phase of the project with a public symposium at the Victoria &amp;amp; Albert Museum in London. &lt;em&gt;Connecting Threads&lt;/em&gt; is a collaborative digital history project dedicated to amplifying the contributions of Indian weavers and African Caribbean consumers to global histories of dress. Drawing on the work of an interdisciplinary team of researchers, the project re-examined the history of the Madras handkerchief, an internationally popular dress accessory made of brightly coloured checked cotton, produced in coastal southeastern India and used by diverse cultures across the Global South. In the recently completed first phase of the project, we examined the influence of the Madras handkerchief on 18th and 18th century dress, particularly in the context of their use in the Greater Caribbean Region including coastal southeastern United States.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>RRCHNM Launches New Teaching Guides for Pre-Service History Teachers </title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-launches-new-teaching-guides-for-pre-service-history-teachers-2/</link><pubDate>Mon, 28 Oct 2024 10:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-launches-new-teaching-guides-for-pre-service-history-teachers-2/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Funded by the Library of Congress, these four teaching guides will support new prospective teachers teaching post-1970s U.S. history and civics and will be available on &lt;a href="https://teachinghistory.org/teaching-materials/teaching-guides"&gt;Teachinghistory.org&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;RRCHNM is proud to announce the launch of four new resources for pre-service teachers on post-1970s history in the United States. The guides were made possible with generous funding from the Teaching with Primary Sources program from the&lt;a href="https://www.loc.gov/"&gt;Library of Congress&lt;/a&gt;. These free online resources feature activities for students to engage with rich Library of Congress primary sources to better understand topics in history that can be especially challenging for teachers new to the profession.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>RRCHNM Hosts DH 2024: Reinvention and Responsibility</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-hosts-dh-2024-reinvention-and-responsibility/</link><pubDate>Wed, 28 Aug 2024 13:00:24 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-hosts-dh-2024-reinvention-and-responsibility/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;For over 35 years, the annual Digital Humanities Conference, organized by the &lt;a href="https://adho.org/"&gt;Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations&lt;/a&gt; (ADHO), has been a premier gathering for scholars, researchers, practitioners, and professionals from around the globe. This event is a vital platform for fostering dialogue, sharing knowledge, and advancing digital research and teaching across various disciplines.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This year, the &lt;a href="https://rrchnm.org/"&gt;Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media&lt;/a&gt; (RRCHNM) hosted DH2024, coinciding with the center&amp;rsquo;s 30th anniversary. Since its establishment, RRCHNM has championed the democratization of knowledge through innovative uses of digital media and technology. This mission aligns well with ADHO&amp;rsquo;s diverse international membership and wide range of disciplinary perspectives.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Amanda Madden Receives Second Round of NEH Funding to Create a Digital Edition of Goro Dati’s Sfera</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/amanda-madden-receives-second-round-of-neh-funding-to-create-a-digital-edition-of-goro-datis-sfera/</link><pubDate>Wed, 28 Aug 2024 11:05:41 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/amanda-madden-receives-second-round-of-neh-funding-to-create-a-digital-edition-of-goro-datis-sfera/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://historyarthistory.gmu.edu/people/amadden8"&gt;Amanda Madden&lt;/a&gt; of the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (&lt;a href="https://rrchnm.org/"&gt;RRCHNM&lt;/a&gt;), in collaboration with &lt;a href="https://www.ncf.edu/directory/carrie-e-benes/"&gt;Carrie Beneš&lt;/a&gt; of New College of Florida, &lt;a href="https://www.italianstudies.utoronto.ca/people/directories/all-faculty/laura-ingallinella"&gt;Laura Ingallinella&lt;/a&gt; of the University of Toronto, and independent scholar &lt;a href="https://middleagesforeducators.princeton.edu/people/laura-morreale"&gt;Laura Morreale&lt;/a&gt;, has been awarded a second major grant as part of the &lt;a href="https://www.neh.gov/"&gt;National Endowment for the Humanities&lt;/a&gt;’ &lt;a href="https://www.neh.gov/grants/research/scholarly-editions-and-translations-grants"&gt;Scholarly Editions and Translations program&lt;/a&gt;. This grant will allow for &lt;a href="https://rrchnm.org/news/amanda-madden-receives-neh-funding-to-create-a-digital-edition-of-goro-datis-sfera/"&gt;a continuation of&lt;/a&gt; the scholars’ work on the&lt;a href="https://sites.google.com/ncf.edu/sfera-project/home"&gt;&lt;em&gt;La Sfera&lt;/em&gt; Project&lt;/a&gt;, an open-access multimedia edition of Goro Dati’s fifteenth-century poem &lt;em&gt;La sfera&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;The Globe&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Deepthi Murali and Jason Heppler Receive NEH Funding for Connecting Threads Project</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/deepthi-murali-and-jason-heppler-receive-neh-funding-for-connecting-threads-project/</link><pubDate>Tue, 27 Aug 2024 11:31:22 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/deepthi-murali-and-jason-heppler-receive-neh-funding-for-connecting-threads-project/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Deepthi Murali and Jason Heppler of the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (&lt;a href="https://rrchnm.org/"&gt;RRCHNM&lt;/a&gt;) has received a &lt;a href="https://www.neh.gov/"&gt;National Endowment for the Humanities&lt;/a&gt; (NEH), &lt;a href="https://www.neh.gov/grants/odh/digital-humanities-advancement-grants"&gt;Digital Humanities Advancement Grant&lt;/a&gt; (Level II) of $138, 256 in support of the ongoing global textile history project &lt;a href="http://www.connectingthreads.co.uk"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Connecting Threads: Digitally Connecting Collections, Expanding Public Engagement&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://rrchnm.org/portfolio-item/connecting-threads/"&gt;Connecting Threads&lt;/a&gt; is a collaborative digital history project dedicated to amplifying the contributions of Indian weavers and Afro-Caribbean consumers to global histories of dress. Drawing on the work of an interdisciplinary team of researchers, the project in its first phase examined the history of the Madras handkerchief, an internationally popular dress accessory made of brightly coloured checked cotton.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Introducing Antisemitism, U.S.A.: A History Podcast</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/introducing-antisemitism-u-s-a-a-history-podcast/</link><pubDate>Thu, 11 Jul 2024 10:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/introducing-antisemitism-u-s-a-a-history-podcast/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introducing&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Antisemitism, U.S.A.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A History&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;podcast from the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media and R2 Studios&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://rrchnm.org/"&gt;The Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (RRCHNM)&lt;/a&gt; at George Mason University is excited to announce the launch of&lt;a href="https://www.r2studios.org/show/Antisemitism-USA/"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Antisemitism, U.S.A&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/a&gt;, a limited podcast about the history of antisemitism in the United States. A narrative history podcast, &lt;em&gt;Antisemitism, U.S.A.&lt;/em&gt; weaves together expert commentary with narration by &lt;a href="https://www.markoppenheimer.com/"&gt;Mark Oppenheimer&lt;/a&gt; to tell the story of antisemitism in the United States over the past 300 years.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Graduate Student Reflections: Teaching DH</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/graduate-student-reflections-teaching-dh/</link><pubDate>Thu, 20 Jun 2024 10:15:44 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/graduate-student-reflections-teaching-dh/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;This 2024 spring semester at George Mason University, I was an instructor of record of HIST 390 “The Digital Past” course. This course satisfies the university’s Information Technology and Computing (IT) requirement and aims for undergraduate students to learn how to use digital tools to study the past. As a PhD history candidate at GMU and former digital history fellow at GMU’s Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (RRCHNM), I have strong experience in the field of digital history, and was excited for the opportunity to expand my research and technical skills through practical application and instruction in the classroom. Following university parameters around learning outcomes for this course, I designed my own syllabus and taught specific digital history topics regarding primary source research, the ethics of Artificial Intelligence, project management research workflows, and how to write historical analysis. Overall, teaching HIST 390 provided me an opportunity to reflect on what I have learned as a PhD student of digital history and develop a curriculum to instruct these skills to undergraduate students new to the field.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Religious Digitization: A Step Beyond a Database</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/religious-digitization-a-step-beyond-a-database/</link><pubDate>Tue, 18 Jun 2024 09:00:22 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/religious-digitization-a-step-beyond-a-database/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Every ten years from 1906 to 1946, the United States Census Bureau surveyed religious congregations, synagogues, and other religious groups in a census similar to the population census. At the time, churches were considered a public good, similar to a public park or school. Through these religious censuses, the government could ensure counties had enough churches and what religions and spiritual sects were growing/prospering within the United States at any given time. Of the five religious censuses that the bureau conducted (1906-1946), only the schedules from the 1926 census still exist.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>RRCHNM Delivers Arnhem Postal History Prototype Database</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-delivers-arnhem-postal-history-prototype-database/</link><pubDate>Thu, 16 May 2024 08:55:14 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-delivers-arnhem-postal-history-prototype-database/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Many of us started “pandemic projects” large and small over the past several years. Tim Gale’s project, a prototype website and database of his extensive collection of postal artifacts, is one of those projects that is finally coming to life. Developed by the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, &lt;em&gt;Arnhem Postal History&lt;/em&gt; will be a website with a database, an interactive map, and philatelic exhibits focusing on World War II in the Netherlands based on the 1,500 items in Gale’s collection. &lt;em&gt;Arnhem Postal History&lt;/em&gt; is named in honor of the Battle of Arnhem which was fought in September of 1944. However, the scope of the collection is much wider than the Battle of Arnhem, encompassing postcards, letters, postal covers, and other documents from 1939-1945.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>AHA Survey Finds RRCHNM’s Teachinghistory.org and History Matters to be Top Resources for K-12 Teachers</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/aha-survey-finds-rrchnms-teachinghistory-org-and-history-matters-to-be-top-resources-for-k-12-teachers/</link><pubDate>Tue, 14 May 2024 10:35:06 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/aha-survey-finds-rrchnms-teachinghistory-org-and-history-matters-to-be-top-resources-for-k-12-teachers/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href="https://www.historians.org/research-and-publications/perspectives-on-history/may-2024/whats-being-taught-mapping-the-landscape-of-us-history-education"&gt;recent survey&lt;/a&gt; of K-12 social studies teachers by the American Historical Association finds that &lt;a href="http://teachinghistory.org"&gt;Teachinghistory.org&lt;/a&gt; remains a frequently used resource with 56 percent reporting that they used the site. Funded by the Department of Education from 2008 to 2012 and directed by former Director of Educational projects Kelly Schrum, Teachinghistory.org (initially known as the National History Education Clearinghouse) is a central online location for accessing high-quality resources in K-12 U.S. history education.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Antisemitism, U.S.A. Podcast Receives Generous Support from the David Bruce</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/antisemitism-u-s-a-podcast-receives-generous-support-from-the-david-bruce-smith-family-foundation/</link><pubDate>Fri, 10 May 2024 10:20:07 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/antisemitism-u-s-a-podcast-receives-generous-support-from-the-david-bruce-smith-family-foundation/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;The Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (RRCHNM) is excited to announce that R2 Studioshas received a $50,000 gift from the David Bruce Smith Foundation to support &lt;a href="https://www.r2studios.org/show/Antisemitism-USA/"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Antisemitism, U.S.A.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;,&lt;/em&gt; our forthcoming narrative podcast series on the long, complicated history of antisemitism in the United States.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In production since 2022, this limited series is hosted by &lt;a href="https://www.markoppenheimer.com/"&gt;Mark Oppenheimer&lt;/a&gt; and features contributions from over two dozen leading experts in history, religious studies, politics, and public policy to explore how antisemitism has evolved in America since the nation’s founding.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Graduate Student Reflections: Brandan P. Buck</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/graduate-student-reflections-brandan-p-buck/</link><pubDate>Wed, 08 May 2024 14:30:13 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/graduate-student-reflections-brandan-p-buck/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;My name is Brandan P. Buck, and I am currently in my fifth year as a Ph.D. candidate in history at George Mason University and graduate research assistant at Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (RRCHNM), where I have spent four of the last five years of my Ph.D. program with Mason. In this, my final semester with the RRCHM, I thought I would share how my work here and the skills learned in the history department&amp;rsquo;s &amp;ldquo;Cilo wired&amp;rdquo; series of digital history courses have afforded me invaluable skills for public-facing scholarship. Through this combination of experiences, I have learned how to work with and clean &amp;ldquo;messy&amp;rdquo; data, analyze it using computational and spatial methods, and present it to audiences through crisp and efficient visualizations. The skills gleaned here at RRCHMN, whether banal or advanced, have aided my dissertation project and helped me turn some of its findings into a portfolio of public-facing work for popular and scholarly audiences through my blog, opinion pieces, and several podcast appearances.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>The McCormick Center for the Study of the American Revolution Supports the Production of Worlds Turned Upside Down</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/the-mccormick-center-for-the-study-of-the-american-revolution-supports-the-production-of-worlds-turned-upside-down/</link><pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2024 13:04:14 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/the-mccormick-center-for-the-study-of-the-american-revolution-supports-the-production-of-worlds-turned-upside-down/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;RRCHNM’s R2 Studios is thrilled to announce that Siena College’s &lt;a href="https://www.siena.edu/centers-institutes/mccormick-center-for-the-study-of-the-american-revolution/"&gt;McCormick Center for the Study of the American Revolution&lt;/a&gt; has generously invested $3,000 in support of our latest podcast, &lt;em&gt;Worlds Turned Upside Down&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.r2studios.org/show/worlds-turned-upside-down/"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Worlds Turned Upside Down&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; tells the story of the American Revolution as a transatlantic crisis and imperial civil war through the lives of people who experienced it. Just in time for America’s 250th anniversary in 2026, &lt;em&gt;Worlds&lt;/em&gt; expands the story of the revolution by exploring how the crisis that engulfed the Atlantic world in the late eighteenth century inspired British Americans, Indigenous nations, enslaved Africans and African Americans, Europeans, and other peoples to question their loyalties, challenge authority, seek freedom, and resist revolutionary change.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>RRCHNM Receives NEH Grant in Collaboration with Seven Local Partners for Digitization of Civil War Graffiti</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-receives-neh-grant-in-collaboration-with-seven-local-partners-for-digitization-of-civil-war-graffiti/</link><pubDate>Tue, 16 Apr 2024 09:45:50 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-receives-neh-grant-in-collaboration-with-seven-local-partners-for-digitization-of-civil-war-graffiti/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;The Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (RRCHNM), in collaboration with seven local partners—the Office of Historic Resources, (City of Fairfax, Virginia); the Brandy Station Foundation; the Office of Historic Preservation, (Prince William County); R.B. Toth Associates; the Manassas Museum System; NOVA Parks; and the Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation—has been awarded a $350,000 grant from the &lt;a href="https://www.neh.gov/"&gt;National Endowment for the Humanities&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="https://www.neh.gov/grants/preservation/humanities-collections-and-reference-resources"&gt;Humanities Collections and Reference Resources&lt;/a&gt; program.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This grant will allow for the &lt;a href="https://rrchnm.org/news/rrchnm-receives-grant-in-collaboration-with-fairfax-citys-office-of-historic-resources-at-historic-blenheim-and-brandy-station-foundation-for-digitization-of-civil-war-graffiti/"&gt;continuation of work&lt;/a&gt; started by RRCHNM, &lt;a href="https://www.fairfaxva.gov/government/historic-resources/historic-blenheim"&gt;Historic Blenheim&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="https://www.brandystationfoundation.com/"&gt;Brandy Station Foundation&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="https://rbtoth.com/index.html"&gt;R.B. Toth Associates&lt;/a&gt;. This new round of funding will support the building and publishing of a digital archive focused on soldiers’ graffiti found in Civil War-era structures located in the greater Northern Virginia region operated by our six local project partners. The digital archive will provide scholars, students, and the public access to the graffiti and a reasonably large collection of ancillary archival material associated with the graffiti.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>RRCHNM Receives NEH Grant to Support Worlds Turned Upside Down Podcast</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-receives-neh-grant-to-support-worlds-turned-upside-down-podcast/</link><pubDate>Tue, 16 Apr 2024 09:45:23 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-receives-neh-grant-to-support-worlds-turned-upside-down-podcast/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://r2studios.org/"&gt;R2 Studios&lt;/a&gt; at the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (RRCHNM) is excited to announce that Jim Ambuske, Jeanette Patrick, and Mills Kelly have been awarded $272,000 from the &lt;a href="https://www.neh.gov/"&gt;National Endowment for the Humanities&lt;/a&gt; in support of our latest podcast, &lt;a href="https://www.r2studios.org/show/worlds-turned-upside-down/"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Worlds Turned Upside Down&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Worlds Turned Upside Down&lt;/em&gt; is a narrative documentary podcast series about the history of the American Revolution. The series draws on contributions from an international cast of leading experts to explore the conflict through the lives of British Americans, Indigenous nations, enslaved Africans and African Americans, Europeans, and other peoples who experienced it as a transatlantic crisis and imperial civil war.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Religious Ecologies Hits Digitization Milestone</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/religious-ecologies-hits-digitization-milestone/</link><pubDate>Thu, 21 Mar 2024 10:56:01 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/religious-ecologies-hits-digitization-milestone/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;The 1926 Census of Religious Bodies collected more than 232,000 schedules from religious organizations across the United States. The &lt;a href="https://religiousecologies.org/"&gt;Religious Ecologies&lt;/a&gt; team frequently receives requests about which denominations have been uploaded to our website, specifically which denominations have all of their schedules uploaded. As we approach the halfway point of our digitization process, we are pleased to announce that we have uploaded 121 out of the total 213 denominations to our website. These 121 different denominations consist of more than 110,000 schedules and span across dozens of states. Below is a list documenting all 121 completed denominations on our website. We are excited about this milestone and look forward to the second half of the digitization process.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Graduate Student Education</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/graduate-student-education/</link><pubDate>Fri, 15 Mar 2024 15:00:22 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/graduate-student-education/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="pullquote"&gt;Graduate students lead innovation at RRCHNM.&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We train the next generation of digital historians through our graduate programs. GMU&amp;rsquo;s Ph.D. program is second to none in digital history, and it shows in the success of our graduates in public and academic history, libraries, archives, museums, research centers, education, and more cultural heritage institutions throughout the county. Building on what they have learned working alongside RRCHNM&amp;rsquo;s faculty and staff, graduate students create groundbreaking, rigorous dissertation research. Unlike practically every other university, RRCHNM&amp;rsquo;s graduate students can create innovative digital histories for their dissertations, thus showcasing the relevance of their historical scholarship.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>The End of Our Hike</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/the-end-of-our-hike/</link><pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2024 09:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/the-end-of-our-hike/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Every hike has a beginning, a middle, and an end. Some are short, some are long. In the case of the Appalachian Trail, one of those hikes can last less than an hour, or it can stretch almost 2,200 miles. On October 5, 2021, the team at RRCHNM&amp;rsquo;s &lt;a href="https://www.r2studios.org/"&gt;R2 Studios&lt;/a&gt; began &lt;em&gt;our&lt;/em&gt; journey through the history of America’s most iconic long distance hiking trail with episode one of &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.r2studios.org/show/the-green-tunnel/"&gt;The Green Tunnel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href="https://www.r2studios.org/show/the-green-tunnel/"&gt;p&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.r2studios.org/show/the-green-tunnel/"&gt;odcast&lt;/a&gt;. Over the past three years we’ve made more than 40 episodes of original content on this complex history and our listeners have downloaded those episodes more than 160,000 times.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>World History Commons Adds Several New Primary Sources</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/world-history-commons-adds-several-new-primary-sources/</link><pubDate>Wed, 24 Jan 2024 10:44:58 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/world-history-commons-adds-several-new-primary-sources/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;World History Commons&lt;/em&gt; recently prioritized adding primary sources from lesser-covered regions and time periods to give a more thorough overview of world history for educators to pull from. As the Project Associate heading this endeavor, I focused my efforts on ancient and post-classical Oceania, North/Central America, South America, and Sub-Saharan Africa.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;My largest effort went to include sources for Oceania, which had the lowest overall coverage of any region. Oceania, as a small region of dispersed island nations with less written history than other areas of the world, often receives less attention in curricula seeking to cover large amounts of space and time. However, Oceania’s vibrant history and culture can easily be incorporated into larger classroom topics regarding human migration and peopling, archaeology and material culture, early architectural advancements, imperialism, and colonization history. I included visual materials about pottery and figurines, canoes, maps, and stone structures.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Apply Now for the Gerda Henkel Fellowship in Digital History</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/apply-now-for-the-gerda-henkel-fellowship-in-digital-history/</link><pubDate>Wed, 10 Jan 2024 11:55:22 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/apply-now-for-the-gerda-henkel-fellowship-in-digital-history/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;With the generous support of the Gerda Henkel Foundation, the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media at the George Mason University (RRCHNM), and the &lt;a href="https://www.ghi-dc.org/"&gt;German Historical Institute (GHI)&lt;/a&gt; invite applications from postdoctoral scholars and advanced doctoral students based in Europe for a 12-month fellowship in digital history&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This fellowship aims to connect scholars from Europe to digital history in the United States. The fellowship is intended to support a junior scholar working in the field of digital history or a junior scholar with less experience in digital history but interested in learning new research methods. We welcome applications from scholars who are seeking seed-funding in order to develop an innovative idea into a new project and/or funding proposal as well as from scholars who wish to pursue fully-fledged research projects.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Connect with RRCHNM at AHA24</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/connect-with-rrchnm-at-aha24/</link><pubDate>Thu, 04 Jan 2024 11:00:28 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/connect-with-rrchnm-at-aha24/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of great sessions coming up at this week&amp;rsquo;s American Historical Association&amp;rsquo;s Annual Meeting, many of which feature RRCHNM-ers. To make finding those sessions easy for you so you can easily connect with us and learn more about our current projects, we thought we&amp;rsquo;d list them all here for you.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id="friday-january-5"&gt;Friday, January 5&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h5 id="teaching-history-in-the-digital-age"&gt;&lt;a href="https://aha.confex.com/aha/2024/meetingapp.cgi/Session/25038"&gt;Teaching History in the Digital Age&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Plaza A (Lobby, Hilton Union Square), 1:30 - 3:00 pm&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Constructing and Contesting the Past: Teaching in the Age of Wikipedia</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/constructing-and-contesting-the-past-teaching-wikipedia/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/constructing-and-contesting-the-past-teaching-wikipedia/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Harlem in Disorder: A Spatial History of How Racial Violence Changed in 1935</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/harlem-in-disorder-spatial-history-racial-violence/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/harlem-in-disorder-spatial-history-racial-violence/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Teaching Digital Humanities Online: George Mason University's Graduate Certificate in Digital Public Humanities</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/teaching-digital-humanities-online-graduate-certificate/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/teaching-digital-humanities-online-graduate-certificate/</guid><description/></item><item><title>The John Carter Brown Library Supports the Production of Worlds Turned Upside Down</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/the-john-carter-brown-library-supports-the-production-of-worlds-turned-upside-down/</link><pubDate>Thu, 14 Dec 2023 10:45:06 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/the-john-carter-brown-library-supports-the-production-of-worlds-turned-upside-down/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;RRCHNM’s R2 Studios is thrilled to announce that The &lt;a href="https://jcblibrary.org/"&gt;John Carter Brown Library&lt;/a&gt; (JCB) has generously invested $10,000 in support of our latest podcast, &lt;em&gt;Worlds Turned Upside Down&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.r2studios.org/show/worlds-turned-upside-down/"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Worlds Turned Upside Down&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; tells the story of the American Revolution as a transatlantic crisis and imperial civil war through the lives of people who experienced it. Just in time for America’s 250th anniversary in 2026, &lt;em&gt;Worlds&lt;/em&gt; expands the story of the revolution by exploring how the crisis that engulfed the Atlantic world in the late eighteenth century inspired British Americans, Indigenous nations, enslaved Africans and African Americans, Europeans, and other peoples to question their loyalties, challenge authority, seek freedom, and resist revolutionary change.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Remembering: Angel David Nieves</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/remembering-angel-david-nieves/</link><pubDate>Mon, 11 Dec 2023 12:05:37 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/remembering-angel-david-nieves/</guid><description>&lt;h4 id="written-by-steve-brier"&gt;Written by: Steve Brier&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It is with great sadness that the members of the Advisory Board and the staff of the RRCHNM note the sudden passing on December 5th of our colleague and RRCHNM board member, Ángel David Nieves. A distinguished and pioneering scholar in the digital humanities and the development of experimental online publishing platforms, Ángel was Dean’s Professor of Public and Digital Humanities, Professor of African American Studies and History, and Director of Public Humanities at Northeastern University. His scholarship focused on the intersection of race, gender, sexuality, social justice, and technology in the United States and South Africa. He brought to that work a wide range of interdisciplinary approaches and comradely enthusiasm for collaboration. His presence will be sorely missed in all of the sites and places that he supported and improved, including RRCHNM.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Worlds Turned Upside Down Receives Funding from Virginia’s 250 Commission</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/worlds-turned-upside-down-receives-funding-from-virginias-250-commission/</link><pubDate>Tue, 21 Nov 2023 10:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/worlds-turned-upside-down-receives-funding-from-virginias-250-commission/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;RRCHNM’s R2 Studios is thrilled to announce that the &lt;a href="https://va250.org/"&gt;Virginia American Revolution 250 Commission&lt;/a&gt; has generously awarded $10,000 in support of our latest podcast, &lt;em&gt;Worlds Turned Upside Down&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.r2studios.org/show/worlds-turned-upside-down/"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Worlds Turned Upside Down&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; tells the story of the American Revolution as a transatlantic crisis and imperial civil war through the lives of people who experienced it. Just in time for America’s 250th anniversary in 2026, &lt;em&gt;Worlds&lt;/em&gt; expands the story of the revolution by exploring how the crisis that engulfed the Atlantic world in the late eighteenth century inspired British Americans, Indigenous nations, enslaved Africans and African Americans, Europeans, and other peoples to question their loyalties, challenge authority, seek freedom, and resist revolutionary change.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>RRCHNM Launches Next Round of Teaching Guides for Pre-Service History Teachers</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-launches-next-round-of-teaching-guides-for-pre-service-history-teachers/</link><pubDate>Thu, 16 Nov 2023 12:00:05 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-launches-next-round-of-teaching-guides-for-pre-service-history-teachers/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Funded by the Library of Congress, the four teaching guides support new prospective teachers teaching Indigenous history and will be available on &lt;a href="https://teachinghistory.org/teaching-materials/teaching-guides"&gt;Teachinghistory.org&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;RRCHNM is proud to announce the launch of four new resources for pre-service teachers on Indigenous history in the United States. The guides were made possible with generous funding from the Teaching with Primary Sources program from the &lt;a href="https://www.loc.gov/"&gt;Library of Congress&lt;/a&gt;. These free online resources feature activities for students to engage with rich Library of Congress primary sources to better understand topics in history that can be especially challenging for teachers new to the profession.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>A Veteran’s Day Salute to our Valued Partnership with the Defense POW/MIA Accounting</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/a-veterans-day-salute-to-our-valued-partnership-with-the-defense-pow-mia-accounting-agency/</link><pubDate>Sat, 11 Nov 2023 11:31:17 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/a-veterans-day-salute-to-our-valued-partnership-with-the-defense-pow-mia-accounting-agency/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;This Veteran’s Day, we at the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (RRCHNM) would like to highlight the incredible work of the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA). The mission of the &lt;a href="https://www.dpaa.mil/Our-Missing/Past-Conflicts/"&gt;DPAA&lt;/a&gt; is to provide the fullest possible accounting for American personnel lost in foreign conflicts going back to World War II, with the ultimate goal of finding these lost personnel, completing their stories, and bringing them back to their families and loved ones, thus bringing closure to them and to the nation. Such a monumental effort requires an army of professionals working tirelessly across the globe, including administrators, military personnel, historians, archeologists, doctors, scientists, and field specialists.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Talking to the Dead: Spiritualists and Seances</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/talking-to-the-dead-spiritualists-and-seances/</link><pubDate>Wed, 01 Nov 2023 13:29:23 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/talking-to-the-dead-spiritualists-and-seances/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;During my time working on the &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://religiousecologies.org/"&gt;American Religious Ecologies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; project I became focused on female ministers and other types of religious leadership that appear in the Census. This interest aligns well with my dissertation research, &lt;a href="http://carolinegreer.com/greer-research/silent-on-slavery/"&gt;which focuses on female preachers in the nineteenth century&lt;/a&gt; and their bodily experiences, analyzing even earlier examples of successful female religious leadership.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;One religion with a large amount of female representation in twentieth century leadership are the different denominations of Spiritualists. In studying the National Spiritual Alliance, I found that almost 40% of the preachers listed on census schedules were definitely women, compared to the 25% of men listed, seen here in the map “&lt;a href="https://religiousecologies.org/visualizations/spiritualist-map/"&gt;Male and Female Pastors in the National Spiritual Alliance&lt;/a&gt;” (a number of pastors only had their initials given, making it hard to know their gender). Though the importance of female leadership and representation are one of the more significant markers of the Spiritualist faith, anotherimportant facet of their faith is the belief in communicating with the dead.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Exploring True Crime in Early Modern Europe in the Classroom</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/exploring-true-crime-in-early-modern-europe-in-the-classroom/</link><pubDate>Wed, 18 Oct 2023 10:34:04 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/exploring-true-crime-in-early-modern-europe-in-the-classroom/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;This semester I’m using my expertise on crime and violence in a new way: I’m teaching an upper-level undergraduate course “True Crime in Early Modern Europe.” When we think of the true crime genre, we tend to think of documentaries, Netflix shows, Pulp Fiction, and podcasts, to name just a few popular formats. What most people don’t know, however, is that “true crime” as a genre originated in the early modern world–mostly Europe but also premodern China and the Americas. Bestsellers in the genre included pamphlets, murder ballads, and executioner’s songs which sensationalized crimes, spoke of motives, and reflected on justice.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Revolutionary Beginnings</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/revolutionary-beginnings/</link><pubDate>Tue, 26 Sep 2023 12:00:40 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/revolutionary-beginnings/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;We all know how the American Revolution ends, but do we really understand its beginnings?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the mid-1750s, far from Philadelphia, New York, Boston, or Charleston, and farther still from London, Paris, or Madrid, the choices made by British settlers, French colonists, and Indigenous peoples in a place they knew as the Ohio Country sparked a global war with revolutionary implications.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nothing about their actions was inevitable, nor could they have known of what was to come.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Jessica Otis Receives NEH Funding To Develop and Host Summer Institute On DH Methods</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/jessica-otis-receives-neh-funding-to-develop-and-host-summer-institute-on-dh-methods/</link><pubDate>Thu, 07 Sep 2023 12:00:16 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/jessica-otis-receives-neh-funding-to-develop-and-host-summer-institute-on-dh-methods/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Jessica Otis of the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (&lt;a href="https://rrchnm.org/"&gt;RRCHNM&lt;/a&gt;) in collaboration with &lt;a href="https://dh.ucla.edu/person/ashley-sanders/"&gt;Ashley Sanders&lt;/a&gt; of UCLA, have been awarded funding as part of the &lt;a href="https://www.neh.gov/"&gt;National Endowment for the Humanities&lt;/a&gt;’ &lt;a href="https://www.neh.gov/grants/odh/institutes-advanced-topics-in-the-digital-humanities"&gt;Institutes for Advanced Topics in the Digital Humanities&lt;/a&gt; program. This grant will facilitate an institute that will guide participants through fundamental mathematical concepts that underpin common Digital Humanities (DH) methods.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Mathematical Humanists&lt;/em&gt; will include a series of in-person, online, and asynchronous professional development workshops to be hosted by &lt;a href="https://historyarthistory.gmu.edu/"&gt;George Mason University&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="https://dh.ucla.edu/"&gt;University of California, Los Angeles&lt;/a&gt;, on statistics, graphs and networks, linear algebra, and discrete mathematics methods that inform computational humanities methodologies such as network analysis, and text mining and analysis.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Nate Sleeter and Kelly Schrum Receive NEH Funding To Host Summer Faculty Institute</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/nate-sleeter-and-kelly-schrum-receive-neh-funding-to-host-summer-faculty-institute/</link><pubDate>Wed, 06 Sep 2023 12:08:19 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/nate-sleeter-and-kelly-schrum-receive-neh-funding-to-host-summer-faculty-institute/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Dr. Nate Sleeter, of the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (&lt;a href="https://rrchnm.org/"&gt;RRCHNM&lt;/a&gt;), and Dr. Kelly Schrum, of the &lt;a href="https://highered.gmu.edu/"&gt;Higher Education Program&lt;/a&gt; (HEP), at &lt;a href="https://www.gmu.edu/"&gt;George Mason University&lt;/a&gt; have been awarded funding as part of the &lt;a href="https://www.neh.gov/"&gt;National Endowment for the Humanities&lt;/a&gt;’ &lt;a href="https://www.neh.gov/grants/education/institutes-higher-education-faculty"&gt;Institutes for Higher Education Faculty&lt;/a&gt; program. This grant will facilitate an institute on the history of higher education, which is central to understanding higher education’s present and future, especially for students in Higher Education and Student Affairs (HESA) programs who will lead our colleges and universities for decades to come.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Amanda Madden Receives NEH Funding to Create a Digital Edition of Goro Dati’s Sfera</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/amanda-madden-receives-neh-funding-to-create-a-digital-edition-of-goro-datis-sfera/</link><pubDate>Tue, 05 Sep 2023 12:08:10 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/amanda-madden-receives-neh-funding-to-create-a-digital-edition-of-goro-datis-sfera/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://historyarthistory.gmu.edu/people/amadden8"&gt;Amanda Madden&lt;/a&gt; of the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (&lt;a href="https://rrchnm.org/"&gt;RRCHNM&lt;/a&gt;), in collaboration with &lt;a href="https://www.ncf.edu/directory/carrie-e-benes/"&gt;Carrie Beneš&lt;/a&gt; of New College of Florida, &lt;a href="https://www.italianstudies.utoronto.ca/people/directories/all-faculty/laura-ingallinella"&gt;Laura Ingallinella&lt;/a&gt; of the University of Toronto, and independent scholar &lt;a href="https://middleagesforeducators.princeton.edu/people/laura-morreale"&gt;Laura Morreale&lt;/a&gt;, have been awarded a major grant as part of the &lt;a href="https://www.neh.gov/"&gt;National Endowment for the Humanities&lt;/a&gt;’ &lt;a href="https://www.neh.gov/grants/research/scholarly-editions-and-translations-grants"&gt;Scholarly Editions and Translations program&lt;/a&gt;. This grant will facilitate collaboration among a team of scholars to complete the&lt;a href="https://sites.google.com/ncf.edu/sfera-project/home"&gt;&lt;em&gt;La Sfera&lt;/em&gt; Project&lt;/a&gt;, an open-access multimedia edition of Goro Dati’s fifteenth-century poem &lt;em&gt;La sfera&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;The Globe&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Nate Sleeter Becomes RRCHNM’s Director of Educational Projects</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/nate-sleeter-becomes-rrchnms-director-of-educational-projects/</link><pubDate>Tue, 22 Aug 2023 14:04:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/nate-sleeter-becomes-rrchnms-director-of-educational-projects/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;The Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media is pleased to announce that &lt;a href="https://historyarthistory.gmu.edu/people/nsleete1"&gt;Dr. Nate Sleeter&lt;/a&gt; has become our new Director of Educational Projects. The K–12 and college educational resources that RRCHNM makes freely available to teachers, students, and parents regularly receive millions of visits per year, and they are used in the curricula of schools from Virginia to California.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nate has for several years been RRCHNM’s primary specialist in creating educational resources. His new role as Director of Educational Projects reflects both the results he has achieved in creating educational materials at RRCHNM for more than a decade, and the renewed emphasis that RRCHNM is making on history education in schools.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>RRCHNM Past, Present, and Future</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-past-present-and-future/</link><pubDate>Tue, 15 Aug 2023 10:16:40 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-past-present-and-future/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;The first time that I came across the name Roy Rosenzweig was in the textbook for a class titled simply, “Historiography.” The book discussed Rosenzweig’s 1983 book, &lt;a href="https://www.cambridge.org/us/universitypress/subjects/history/american-history-general-interest/eight-hours-what-we-will-workers-and-leisure-industrial-city-18701920"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Eight Hours for What We Will&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, as a key work in American labor history. Since &lt;em&gt;Eight Hours&lt;/em&gt; is a history of workers in Worcester, Massachusetts, just thirty miles from where I grew up, I went to the library and checked out the book. As I read, I was captivated by how Rosenzweig had captured the lives and labors of working-class people.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Passing the Baton</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/passing-the-baton/</link><pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 2023 10:00:24 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/passing-the-baton/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;At the 2001 annual meeting of the American Historical Association, Roy Rosenzweig dumped a cup of coffee on me. He didn’t mean to, of course, but he did.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It happened in the days when search committees often interviewed job candidates in hotel rooms and I was there to interview for a job at George Mason University. Roy and I had spoken on the phone about the position prior to my interview and, not knowing Roy, I’d been a bit intimidated during that call. I had read several of his books and articles in graduate school and he was &lt;em&gt;the guy&lt;/em&gt; when it came to digital history.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>RRCHNM Receives Additional Funding to Create More Teaching Guides</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-receives-additional-funding-to-create-more-teaching-guides/</link><pubDate>Thu, 27 Jul 2023 12:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-receives-additional-funding-to-create-more-teaching-guides/</guid><description>&lt;h4 id="library-of-congress-funding-for-these-teaching-guides-builds-upon-earlier-work-that-supports-new-prospective-teachers-as-they-teach-difficult-subjects-in-history"&gt;Library of Congress funding for these teaching guides builds upon earlier work that supports new prospective teachers as they teach difficult subjects in history.&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;RRCHNM is proud to announce funding from the Teaching with Primary Sources program from the &lt;a href="https://www.loc.gov/"&gt;Library of Congress&lt;/a&gt; for 2023-24. With these funds we will create four more teaching guides for pre-service teachers on difficult to teach topics. These free online resources feature activities for students to engage with Library of Congress primary sources to better understand topics in history — with a focus on topics that can be especially challenging for teachers who are new to the profession. The guides provide activities where students engage with primary sources and model historians&amp;rsquo; approach of understanding people in the past through the evidence they left behind. They also contain guidance for incorporating these activities into a typical history curriculum.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>RRCHNM To Host DH2024 Conference</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-to-host-dh2024-conference/</link><pubDate>Fri, 14 Jul 2023 10:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-to-host-dh2024-conference/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;We are thrilled that in just about a year from now, RRCHNM and the &lt;a href="https://adho.org/"&gt;Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations&lt;/a&gt; (ADHO) will be bringing DH2024 to Washington, D.C.!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The annual ADHO Digital Humanities Conference is the central and largest event of the international DH community and unites scholars from across the globe, presenting them with a unique opportunity for the exchange of their work and ideas and the fostering of future collaborations. In 2024, approximately 1,000 people from around the globe are expected to attend DH2024 from August 6 - 9. This will be the first time the conference has been held in the United States in a decade.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Collaboration With NMAAHC and HBCU Partners Moves Into Beta Testing Mode</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/collaboration-with-nmaahc-and-hbcu-partners-moves-into-beta-testing-mode/</link><pubDate>Fri, 30 Jun 2023 12:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/collaboration-with-nmaahc-and-hbcu-partners-moves-into-beta-testing-mode/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;A team from RRCHNM spent three days in Atlanta in June conducting an Omeka S training workshop for the five HBCU partner institutions in the &lt;a href="https://hcac.rrchnm.org/"&gt;HBCU History Culture and Access Consortium&lt;/a&gt; sponsored by the Office of Strategic Partnerships at the National Museum for African American History and Culture. Our PhD students Timmia King (below, left) and Amber Pelham (below, right) worked closely with project teams from the five HBCUs in the project – Jackson State University, Tuskegee University, Clark Atlanta University, Texas Southern University, and Florida A&amp;amp;M University – as the project moves from the &lt;a href="https://rrchnm.org/news/rrchnm-kicks-off-collaboration-with-nmaahc-and-hbcu-partners/"&gt;initial training phase&lt;/a&gt; into beta testing mode. Timmia and Amber designed the training workshop themselves and executed it with great skill. During the second day of the convening our team and the HBCU partners spent some time thinking through the critical metadata issues involved in such a complex multi-institutional public history project. Over the coming year the HBCU partners will populate the database with items from their incredibly rich collections and designers from the Smithsonian will develop the front end experience for website visitors.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Your Most Obedient &amp; Humble Servant Joins the R2 Studios Network</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/your-most-obedient-and-humble-servant-joins-the-r2-studios-network/</link><pubDate>Mon, 15 May 2023 10:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/your-most-obedient-and-humble-servant-joins-the-r2-studios-network/</guid><description>&lt;h4 id="this-post-is-cross-posted-on-r2studiosorg-with-further-details-about-the-announcement"&gt;This post is cross-posted on &lt;a href="https://www.r2studios.org/blog/your-most-obedient-humble-servant-joins-the-r2-studios-network/"&gt;r2studios.org&lt;/a&gt; with further details about the announcement.&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;RRCHNM&amp;rsquo;s R2 Studios and historian Kathryn Gehred are excited to announce a new partnership that will bring the highly-rated podcast series &lt;em&gt;Your Most Obedient &amp;amp; Humble Servant&lt;/em&gt; to the R2 Studios network.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Your Most Obedient &amp;amp; Humble Servant&lt;/em&gt; is a women’s history podcast that showcases 18th and early 19th-century women’s letters that don’t always make it into the history books. Using her training as a historian and documentary editor, Gehred and her guests dig into the story behind each letter and the lives of the women who wrote or received them.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>American Religious Ecologies Receives Second NEH Grant to Work with 1926 Census of Religious Bodies</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/american-religious-ecologies-receives-second-neh-grant-to-work-with-1926-census-of-religious-bodies/</link><pubDate>Wed, 19 Apr 2023 14:06:35 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/american-religious-ecologies-receives-second-neh-grant-to-work-with-1926-census-of-religious-bodies/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;We are grateful to acknowledge a second NEH grant in support of our &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://religiousecologies.org"&gt;American Religious Ecologies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; project. The National Endowment for the Humanities &lt;a href="https://www.neh.gov/news/neh-announces-3563-million-258-humanities-projects-nationwide"&gt;announced this week&lt;/a&gt; that RRCHNM will receive a Humanities Collections and Reference Resources grant for $350,000 to continue our work with the 1926 Census of Religious Bodies for the next three years. This new grant follow on our previous award, also from the HCRR program in the NEH&amp;rsquo;s Division of Preservation and Access, which was received in 2019.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Tropy 1.13 Release</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/tropy-1-13-release/</link><pubDate>Wed, 05 Apr 2023 12:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/tropy-1-13-release/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;The Tropy team is pleased to announce the release of &lt;a href="http://tropy.org"&gt;Tropy 1.13&lt;/a&gt;. In addition to several performance and user interface improvements (see &lt;a href="https://github.com/tropy/tropy/releases/tag/v1.13.0"&gt;full release notes here&lt;/a&gt;), this release introduces the new standard project type. In standard projects, all imported images are copied into a bundled project folder, which can be moved around freely or shared with other devices without having to consolidate photos. Users can opt to continue working with the previous project type, which is now called an “advanced” project. Users may also convert their projects into standard projects if they wish. For more details, see the latest &lt;a href="https://tropy.org/blog/new-project-types-in-tropy-1-13"&gt;Tropy blog post&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Leadership Gift from Digital Scholar Kicks off 30th Anniversary Campaign</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/leadership-gift-from-digital-scholar-kicks-off-30th-anniversary-campaign/</link><pubDate>Thu, 30 Mar 2023 12:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/leadership-gift-from-digital-scholar-kicks-off-30th-anniversary-campaign/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;We are very pleased to announce the lead gift for our 30th anniversary Campaign for RRCHNM. Our friends and former colleagues at &lt;a href="https://digitalscholar.org/"&gt;Digital Scholar&lt;/a&gt; have made an incredibly generous gift to our Center &amp;ndash; $15,000. This first major gift helps us launch the Campaign for RRCHNM with a bang and is a great step forward in our efforts to raise funds to help us continue to provide the best possible digital historical projects, to give our students amazing educational opportunities, and to make high quality educational resources related to history available to all. Everyone here extends our thanks for this very generous gift.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Announcing Death by Numbers Beta</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/announcing-death-by-numbers-beta/</link><pubDate>Mon, 27 Feb 2023 16:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/announcing-death-by-numbers-beta/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;RRCHNM is excited to announce the formal beta launch of the &lt;a href="https://deathbynumbers.org/"&gt;Death by Numbers database&lt;/a&gt;. There’s over a year left to go in the project and we’re still hard at work adding data to the database and building our first visualizations, so don’t be surprised at how large some of the gaps are in the dataset. But we wanted to go public and give our audience a chance to provide feedback on what we’ve created so far.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Production Now Underway For Worlds Turned Upside</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/production-now-underway-for-worlds-turned-upside/</link><pubDate>Fri, 17 Feb 2023 09:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/production-now-underway-for-worlds-turned-upside/</guid><description>&lt;h4 id="this-post-is-cross-posted-on-r2studiosorg-with-further-details-about-the-announcement"&gt;This post is cross-posted on &lt;a href="https://www.r2studios.org/blog/production-now-underway-for-worlds-turned-upside-down/"&gt;r2studios.org&lt;/a&gt; with further details about the announcement.&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media and &lt;a href="https://www.r2studios.org/"&gt;R2 Studios&lt;/a&gt; are excited to announce that production is underway for &lt;em&gt;Worlds Turned Upside Down&lt;/em&gt;. This new podcast seriestells the story of the American Revolution as a transatlantic crisis and imperial civil war through the lives of people who experienced it.&lt;/p&gt;



 

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&lt;p&gt;For many modern citizens of the United States, “the cause of America” that gave birth to a new nation in 1776 and the heroic stories we tell ourselves about its founding remains “in great measure the cause of all mankind.” But for the people who lived through it, the revolutionary era upended their lives in ways they could never have imagined. The crisis that engulfed the Atlantic world in the late eighteenth century inspired British Americans, Indigenous nations, enslaved Africans and African Americans, Europeans, and other peoples to question their loyalties, challenge authority, seek freedom, and resist revolutionary change.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Schedule for the RRCHNM data working group, spring 2023</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/schedule-for-the-rrchnm-data-working-group-spring-2023/</link><pubDate>Tue, 14 Feb 2023 12:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/schedule-for-the-rrchnm-data-working-group-spring-2023/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;The RRCHNM data working group meets every other week each semester. The working group exists to aid and abet one another as we seek to create data-driven histories. In our sessions, we share work-in-progress, discuss readings, and teach one another the techniques of the trade. Each semester we create the schedule collaboratively. Here is our schedule for spring semester, 2023.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;1 February 2023: Check-in and planning&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;15 February 2023: Discussion of readings&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;1 March 2023: Text analysis techniques&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;29 March 2023: Notebook computing&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;12 April 2023: Creating and consuming data APIs&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;26 April 2023: Data visualization challenge&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;New this semester is our data visualization challenge. Participants in the group will all work on the same dataset (to be determined) and create a data visualization.  We will then compare results to see how different people approached the problem. There won’t be a single winner: instead, we will give out yearbook-style superlatives (“most likely to succeed,” “quirkiest,” “most likely to work in finance” and so on).&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>RRCHNM Receives Grant in Collaboration with Fairfax City’s Office of Historic Civil War Graffiti</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-receives-grant-in-collaboration-with-fairfax-citys-office-of-historic-resources-at-historic-blenheim-and-brandy-station-foundation-for-digitization-of-civil-war-graffiti/</link><pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2023 12:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-receives-grant-in-collaboration-with-fairfax-citys-office-of-historic-resources-at-historic-blenheim-and-brandy-station-foundation-for-digitization-of-civil-war-graffiti/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;The Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (RRCHNM), in collaboration with Historic Blenheim and the Civil War Interpretive Center (Fairfax City, VA) and the Brandy Station Foundation (Brandy Station, VA), has been awarded a $60,000 grant from the &lt;a href="https://www.neh.gov/"&gt;National Endowment for the Humanities&lt;/a&gt;’ Division for Preservation and Access, &lt;a href="https://www.neh.gov/grants/preservation/humanities-collections-and-reference-resources"&gt;Humanities Collections and Reference Resources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This planning grant will facilitate collaboration between the three partners for the planning of a digitization project focused on Civil War graffiti found in Civil War buildings located in Virginia and elsewhere. The grant will also facilitate the development of collaborative workflows between the three organizations and digital preservation professionals.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>RRCHNM at the AHA</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-at-the-aha/</link><pubDate>Tue, 31 Jan 2023 12:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-at-the-aha/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;The first week of January 2023 was quite a week for the team at RRCHNM. Close to twenty of us were at the annual meeting of the American Historical Association in Philadelphia, presenting papers, taking part in round tables, and showing off work at poster sessions. Our fantastic graduate students made up a significant share of all the research posters presented at the conference.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;If you know RRCHNM, you &lt;em&gt;probably&lt;/em&gt; know us as a research center creating new approaches to digital history. But our mission is also to build the future of our field by providing students a wide variety of opportunities to grow as historians. And it’s because education is so central to our mission that we were so excited to see how many of our students were on the program at the conference this year.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Basics of Tropy</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/basics-of-tropy/</link><pubDate>Fri, 27 Jan 2023 12:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/basics-of-tropy/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Each semester, RRCHNM hosts a series of &amp;ldquo;Basics Of&amp;rdquo; sessions that teach the basics of an application, process, or methodology so our graduate students, affiliates, and faculty can get together and learn about that topic. These sessions are hosted by RRCHNM members who are resident experts on the selected topic.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This semester, our first session will be &amp;ldquo;Basics of Tropy&amp;rdquo; with Postdoctoral Research Fellow Douglas McRae. Read on to learn more about this session happening on Tuesday, January 31, 2023, from 1-2pm EST.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Remembering Paula Petrik</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/remembering-paula-petrik/</link><pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2023 13:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/remembering-paula-petrik/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;


 

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Today we share the sad news that Professor Paula Petrik, our former colleague here at RRCHNM, has passed away at the age of 74 at her home in Montana.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Connect with RRCHNM at AHA23</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/connect-with-rrchnm-at-aha23/</link><pubDate>Wed, 04 Jan 2023 09:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/connect-with-rrchnm-at-aha23/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of great sessions coming up at this week&amp;rsquo;s American Historical Association&amp;rsquo;s Annual Meeting, many of which feature RRCHNM-ers. To make finding those sessions easy for you so you can easily connect with us and learn more about our current projects, we thought we&amp;rsquo;d list them all here for you.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id="friday-january-6"&gt;Friday, January 6&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h5 id="doing-accessible-digital-history"&gt;&lt;a href="https://aha.confex.com/aha/2023/meetingapp.cgi/Session/23546"&gt;Doing Accessible Digital History&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Philadelphia Marriot Downtown - Grand Ballroom Salon K, 10:30 am - 12 pm,&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>'Follow the Money?' Funding and Digital Sustainability</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/follow-the-money-funding-digital-sustainability/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/follow-the-money-funding-digital-sustainability/</guid><description/></item><item><title>America's Public Bible: A Commentary</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/americas-public-bible-a-commentary/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/americas-public-bible-a-commentary/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Menocchio Mapped: Italian Microhistory and the Digital Spatial Turn</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/menocchio-mapped-italian-microhistory-digital-spatial/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/menocchio-mapped-italian-microhistory-digital-spatial/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Reframing the Conversation: Digital Humanists, Disabilities, and Accessibility</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/reframing-the-conversation-digital-humanists-disabilities/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/reframing-the-conversation-digital-humanists-disabilities/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Scale and Narrative: Conceiving a Long-Form Digital Argument for Data-Driven Microhistory</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/scale-and-narrative-long-form-digital-argument/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/scale-and-narrative-long-form-digital-argument/</guid><description/></item><item><title>How Philip Lampi recovered the lost history of early American elections</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/how-philip-lampi-recovered-the-lost-history-of-early-american-elections/</link><pubDate>Tue, 08 Nov 2022 13:07:19 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/how-philip-lampi-recovered-the-lost-history-of-early-american-elections/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;As Americans go to the polls to vote in today’s midterm Congressional elections, they will be able to watch results flow practically in real time. By the end of the day, the data for the election returns will be more or less available. For much of United States history, of course, information flowed more slowly. But even still, we can take it for granted that there are regular records of elections, and that it is straightforward to find out who won.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>R2 Studios Launches Season 2 of The Green Tunnel Podcast</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/r2-studios-launches-season-2-of-the-green-tunnel-podcast/</link><pubDate>Tue, 04 Oct 2022 13:30:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/r2-studios-launches-season-2-of-the-green-tunnel-podcast/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Season Two of &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.r2studios.org/show/the-green-tunnel/"&gt;The Green Tunnel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; podcast, produced here at &lt;a href="https://www.r2studios.org/"&gt;R2 Studios&lt;/a&gt;, launched today. In this season we will be focused on the larger question of who the Appalachian Trail is for and will come at that question from a variety of directions. When &lt;a href="https://www.r2studios.org/show/the-green-tunnel/founding-the-trail/"&gt;Benton MacKaye first proposed the trail&lt;/a&gt; in 1921, he wanted it to be a place for working class people to get away for a few hours or a few days, to get some fresh air, and to experience the healing power of time under the trees. Today’s trail, visited by millions of people each year, is a complex place with overlapping audiences and identities. MacKaye likely would have been very surprised to see the diversity in the hiking population—diversity that cuts as many ways as you can count.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Introducing DataScribe 101</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/introducing-datascribe-101/</link><pubDate>Wed, 21 Sep 2022 12:30:36 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/introducing-datascribe-101/</guid><description>&lt;h4 id="fall-workshops-hosted-by-the-datascribe-project-team-will-further-support-user-exploration-of-datascribe-101s-capabilities"&gt;Fall workshops hosted by the DataScribe project team will further support user exploration of DataScribe 101&amp;rsquo;s capabilities.&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Earlier this year, RRCHNM released &lt;a href="https://datascribe.tech/"&gt;DataScribe&lt;/a&gt;, a structured transcription module for the &lt;a href="https://omeka.org/s/"&gt;Omeka S platform&lt;/a&gt;. This module enables scholars to identify the structure of the data within their sources, speed up the transcription of their sources, and reliably structure their transcriptions in a form amenable to computational analysis. Scholars can turn sources into tables of data stored as numbers, dates, categories, and more.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>R2 Studios Receives Grant for Podcast on History of American Antisemitism</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/r2-studios-receives-grant-for-podcast-on-history-of-american-antisemitism/</link><pubDate>Thu, 15 Sep 2022 10:30:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/r2-studios-receives-grant-for-podcast-on-history-of-american-antisemitism/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://r2studios.org/"&gt;R2 Studios&lt;/a&gt; and The Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (RRCHNM) are excited to announce that Jeanette Patrick, John Turner, and Lincoln Mullen have been awarded $50,000 from the &lt;a href="https://www.hluce.org/"&gt;Henry Luce Foundation&lt;/a&gt; to begin work on a podcast exploring the history of American antisemitism.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;RRCHNM’s R2 Studios, led by Patrick, will produce the project, which will be written by Turner and Mullen, both historians of American religion. Zev Eleff, president of Gratz College and a leading historian of American Judaism, is collaborating with the RRCHNM team on this project.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>New Interpretive Essays Added to Collecting These Times</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/new-interpretive-essays-added-to-collecting-these-times/</link><pubDate>Wed, 07 Sep 2022 15:00:40 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/new-interpretive-essays-added-to-collecting-these-times/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://collectingthesetimes.org/s/collecting-these-times/page/home"&gt;Collecting These Times&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; (CTT), funded by &lt;a href="https://www.schusterman.org/"&gt;Charles and Lynn Schusterman Family Philanthropies&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://jimjosephfoundation.org/"&gt;Jim Joseph Foundation&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://lkflt.org/"&gt;Lippman Kanfer Foundation for Living Torah&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="https://www.russellberriefoundation.org/"&gt;The Russell Berrie Foundation&lt;/a&gt;, documents the many ways that diverse communities of American Jews have responded to the COVID-19 pandemic.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The core of CTT is a portal that connects users to the many archives, libraries, and other institutions around the country that collected digital and physical materials about the Jewish experience of and response to the pandemic. CTT also displays materials collected by RRCHNM and its many partners in this effort.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>RRCHNM Launches New Teaching Guides for Pre-Service History Teachers</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-launches-new-teaching-guides-for-pre-service-history-teachers/</link><pubDate>Tue, 06 Sep 2022 09:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-launches-new-teaching-guides-for-pre-service-history-teachers/</guid><description>&lt;h4 id="funded-by-the-library-of-congress-the-four-teaching-guides-will-support-new-prospective-teachers-teaching-the-history-of-religion-and-will-be-available-on-teachinghistoryorg"&gt;Funded by the Library of Congress, the four teaching guides will support new prospective teachers teaching the history of religion and will be available on &lt;a href="https://teachinghistory.org/teaching-materials/teaching-guides"&gt;Teachinghistory.org&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;RRCHNM is proud to announce the launch of four new resources for pre-service teachers on the history of religion in the United States. The guides were made possible with generous funding from the Teaching with Primary Sources program from the &lt;a href="https://www.loc.gov/"&gt;Library of Congress&lt;/a&gt;. These free online resources feature activities for students to engage with rich Library of Congress primary sources to better understand topics in history that can be especially challenging for teachers who are new to the profession.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>RRCHNM Welcomes 25 Graduate Students for the new Academic Year</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-welcomes-25-graduate-students-for-the-new-academic-year/</link><pubDate>Fri, 26 Aug 2022 14:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-welcomes-25-graduate-students-for-the-new-academic-year/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;The start of the academic year at RRCHNM also means the return of many of our graduate students. This week RRCHNM welcomed &lt;a href="https://rrchnm.org/our-people/"&gt;twenty-five graduate research assistants or graduate affiliates&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;



 

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 &lt;p class="mt-3 text-sm text-white/80 text-center max-w-2xl"&gt;RRCHNM on the first day of classes.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>RRCHNM Kicks Off Collaboration With NMAAHC and HBCU Partners</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-kicks-off-collaboration-with-nmaahc-and-hbcu-partners/</link><pubDate>Wed, 17 Aug 2022 11:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-kicks-off-collaboration-with-nmaahc-and-hbcu-partners/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;This year the team at RRCHNM began a unique collaboration with the &lt;a href="https://nmaahc.si.edu/"&gt;National Museum of African American History and Culture&lt;/a&gt; (NMAAHC) and five HBCU partners. The &lt;a href="https://nmaahc.si.edu/connect/strategic-partnerships/hbcu-history-and-culture-access-consortium"&gt;HBCU History, Culture, and Access Consortium&lt;/a&gt; (HCAC) brings together NMAAHC and the archives of &lt;a href="https://www.tuskegee.edu/libraries/archives"&gt;Tuskegee University&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="https://www.jsums.edu/margaretwalkercenter/"&gt;Margaret Walker Center&lt;/a&gt; at Jackson State University, the &lt;a href="https://www.famu.edu/academics/libraries/mark-eaton-black-archives-research-center-and-museum/index.php"&gt;Meek-Eaton Black Archives Research Center &amp;amp; Museum&lt;/a&gt; at Florida A&amp;amp;M University, the &lt;a href="http://www.tsu.edu/academics/colleges-and-schools/colabs/vpa/museum.html"&gt;University Museum&lt;/a&gt; at Texas Southern University, and the &lt;a href="https://www.cau.edu/art-museum/index.html"&gt;University Art Museum&lt;/a&gt; at Clark Atlanta University.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Our People</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/people/</link><pubDate>Mon, 25 Jul 2022 10:33:43 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/people/</guid><description/></item><item><title>RRCHNM Partners with Winterthur Museum to Present Pennsylvania Illuminated</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-partners-with-winterthur-museum-to-present-pennsylvania-illuminated-manuscript/</link><pubDate>Fri, 15 Jul 2022 11:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-partners-with-winterthur-museum-to-present-pennsylvania-illuminated-manuscript/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;RRCHNM is happy to announce a partnership with the Winterthur Museum, Garden, and Library to present the history of a fascinating and unique eighteenth-century American manuscript.&lt;/p&gt;



 

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&lt;p&gt;Ludwig Denig Manuscript, 2021.0011, Winterthur Museum, Garden &amp;amp; Library, Gift of Alessantrina and David Schwartz, and the Schwartz Foundation. Photograph, Courtesy of Winterthur Museum.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>RRCHNM's Custom API for Data-Driven Projects</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnms-custom-api-for-data-driven-projects/</link><pubDate>Wed, 06 Apr 2022 17:25:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnms-custom-api-for-data-driven-projects/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;RRCHNM is a shop that is more and more working on computational history and historical data visualization. But we are also first and foremost a web shop: ever since Roy Rosenzweig saw the potential of the internet and left CD ROMs behind, we’ve been committed to delivering history via people’s web browsers. Those two commitments are becoming increasingly compatible. For example, Ben Schmidt has written persuasively about the next decade of data programming &lt;a href="https://benschmidt.org/post/2020-01-15/2020-01-15-webgpu/"&gt;happening in the browser via JavaScript&lt;/a&gt;. But combining data analysis and the web takes work. In this blog post, I want to explain how we are solving one aspect of that challenge via our custom data API.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Our Story</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/our-story/</link><pubDate>Mon, 21 Mar 2022 11:24:51 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/our-story/</guid><description>&lt;figure class="bg-stone-50 border border-stone-200 rounded-lg p-3 my-8 float-right ml-6 mb-4 w-1/2 max-w-sm"
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 &lt;p class="mt-3 text-sm text-white/80 text-center max-w-2xl"&gt;This mural of Roy, on display at RRCHNM’s office, was designed and created by George Mason University art student Khoi Le and friends.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>A Silver Lining: Teaching through the Covid-19 Pandemic</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/a-silver-lining-teaching-through-covid-pandemic/</link><pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/a-silver-lining-teaching-through-covid-pandemic/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Creating Capacity for Research Data Services at Regional Universities: A Case Study</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/creating-capacity-for-research-data-services/</link><pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/creating-capacity-for-research-data-services/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Digital Scholarship and Teaching</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/digital-scholarship-and-teaching/</link><pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/digital-scholarship-and-teaching/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Hidden Voices: A Case Study Analysis of Subject Headings for Book Titles on Women in Science</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/hidden-voices-subject-headings-women-in-science/</link><pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/hidden-voices-subject-headings-women-in-science/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Introduction: Renaissance Italy and the Digital Humanities</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/introduction-renaissance-italy-and-digital-humanities/</link><pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/introduction-renaissance-italy-and-digital-humanities/</guid><description/></item><item><title>The Properties of Digital History</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/the-properties-of-digital-history/</link><pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/the-properties-of-digital-history/</guid><description/></item><item><title>What's In a Name? Six Degrees of Francis Bacon and Named-Entity Recognition</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/whats-in-a-name-six-degrees-francis-bacon/</link><pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/whats-in-a-name-six-degrees-francis-bacon/</guid><description/></item><item><title>What Came Before</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/what-came-before/</link><pubDate>Wed, 27 Oct 2021 09:20:23 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/what-came-before/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Episode 2 of &lt;a href="https://podcasts.rrchnm.org/show/the-green-tunnel/"&gt;The Green Tunnel podcast&lt;/a&gt; launched today. In this episode we tell the story of the settler communities that existed along the route of the Appalachian Trail before the AT arrived. We’ve chosen three examples of those communities, each of which helps tell the story of life in the Appalachian mountains before Benton MacKaye dreamed up the AT in 1921. One community was home to people recently emancipated from enslavement, another was a thriving coal mining and railroad town until the mines played out, and the people of the third community had to rally their friends and neighbors to try to find a little boy who had wandered away from his schoolhouse in 1891. What was life like in the Appalachian mountains before the trail? Listen to our episode to learn more.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>New Grant from Library of Congress to Create Teaching Resources for Teachers</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/new-grant-from-library-of-congress-to-create-teaching-resources-for-pre-service-teachers/</link><pubDate>Thu, 30 Sep 2021 11:13:09 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/new-grant-from-library-of-congress-to-create-teaching-resources-for-pre-service-teachers/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;RRCHNM is excited to announce a new grant award from the &lt;a href="https://www.loc.gov/programs/teachers/about-this-program/"&gt;Library of Congress Teaching with Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt; program. As part of the grant, RRCHNM will develop teaching resources on difficult to teach topics with a focus on teaching the history of religion in the United States in K-12 schools. Teachers, especially if they are new to the profession, are often reticent to approach topics that might potentially be controversial or give rise emotional reactions. As a result, important themes for understanding history can receive less attention than they deserve in K-12 education.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Remembering the Creation of the September 11 Digital Archive</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/remembering-the-creation-of-the-september-11-digital-archive/</link><pubDate>Fri, 10 Sep 2021 13:49:13 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/remembering-the-creation-of-the-september-11-digital-archive/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Shortly after the September 11 attacks, the team here at the Center for History and New Media, in collaboration with our partners at the &lt;a href="https://ashp.cuny.edu/"&gt;American Social History Project&lt;/a&gt; at CUNY, began building a new kind of digital archive, one that would be open to all contributions from anyone who wanted to contribute a memory, a photograph, an email, or whatever they wanted preserved. With the support of the &lt;a href="https://sloan.org/"&gt;Alfred P. Sloan Foundation&lt;/a&gt;, we were able to assemble a team of collaborators committed to collecting and preserving the history of that terrible day. What began as a crazy idea turned into a project that now houses 72,000 personal stories, more than 6,000 images, and more than 900 audio and video files. The &lt;a href="https://911digitalarchive.org/"&gt;September 11 Digital Archive&lt;/a&gt; is truly one of the richest collections related to the history of the events surrounding the events of that day and their aftermath.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Models of Argument-Driven Digital History</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/models-of-argument-driven-digital-history/</link><pubDate>Tue, 07 Sep 2021 06:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/models-of-argument-driven-digital-history/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;Models of Argument-Driven Digital History&lt;/em&gt; website launched today: &lt;a href="https://model-articles.rrchnm.org/"&gt;find it here&lt;/a&gt;. It contains a set of published journal articles annotated by their authors to highlight the use of digital methods to make historical arguments. The site is part of a larger project on which I have been collaborating with Lincoln Mullen since 2017, with the support of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, to encourage argument-driven digital history as a form of digital scholarship.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Transcribing Structured Data with the DataScribe Module for Omeka S</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/transcribing-structured-data-with-the-datascribe-module-for-omeka-s/</link><pubDate>Fri, 06 Aug 2021 10:10:56 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/transcribing-structured-data-with-the-datascribe-module-for-omeka-s/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;by Janet Hammond&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;DataScribe is an Omeka S module that helps ease laboriously detailed transcription work. Created at RRCHNM and funded by the &lt;a href="https://www.neh.gov/"&gt;NEH&lt;/a&gt;, this module allows users to complete a two-step process. The &lt;strong&gt;first&lt;/strong&gt;is to craft transcription forms for structured data, which is particularly useful when transcribing historical forms and other highly structured documents. (&lt;a href="https://religiousecologies.org/blog/deploying-datascribe-to-create-a-new-dataset-for-american-religious-history/"&gt;Greta Swain’s write up&lt;/a&gt; on &lt;em&gt;American Religious Ecologies&lt;/em&gt;’ bloggoes into detail about this process.) &lt;strong&gt;Then&lt;/strong&gt;, professionals can use these forms to transcribe data into a format amenable to computational analysis, combining the data creation and data cleaning steps of a project into a single process. This blog post focuses on the second step.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Jessica Otis Receives Major NSF Grant</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/jessica-otis-receives-major-nsf-grant/</link><pubDate>Fri, 30 Jul 2021 15:07:13 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/jessica-otis-receives-major-nsf-grant/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;RRCHNM Professor and Director of Public Projects &lt;a href="https://rrchnm.org/author/jessica-otis/"&gt;Jessica Otis&lt;/a&gt; has been awarded $443,425 from the NSF to support her digital work on the history of the plague in early modern London. The project, called &amp;ldquo;Assessing the Arithmetic of Early Modern London&amp;rsquo;s Bills of Mortality,” involves the creation, publication and computational analysis of a dataset of weekly and annual mortality statistics produced for the city of London between 1603 and 1752.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Plague was one of the most dreaded diseases in early modern England. The city of London alone lost an estimated 225,000 people to plague in the century between 1563 and 1665. As an extension of government attempts to track plague deaths during outbreaks, London officials started publicly distributing a weekly series of mortality statistics called the Bills of Mortality at the turn of the seventeenth century. Jessica&amp;rsquo;s project uses the Bills of Mortality to investigate how lived experiences of plague outbreaks intersected with an emerging quantitative mentality among the people of early modern England. It examines how ordinary people aggregated, transformed, and interpreted death counts in order to draw conclusions about changes in the early modern use of and trust in numbers over time. In doing so, the project investigates contemporary perceptions of numbers and historicizes a quantitative method of knowledge generation that has become central to twenty-first-century understandings of the world.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>New Digital Military History Postdoctoral Fellowship (Relisted)</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/new-digital-military-history-postdoctoral-fellowship/</link><pubDate>Fri, 30 Jul 2021 08:44:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/new-digital-military-history-postdoctoral-fellowship/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;We are pleased to announce that the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media will be collaborating with the &lt;a href="https://www.dpaa.mil/"&gt;Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency&lt;/a&gt; (DPAA) to host a new postdoctoral fellowship in digital military history here at our center. The DPAA is the Defense Department agency charged with providing the fullest possible accounting for America&amp;rsquo;s missing military personnel to their families and the nation. Researchers and scientists from DPAA travel to wherever American military personnel have died or gone missing in order to provide accurate and timely information to the families of those who remain unaccounted for. Funding for this three-year fellowship will allow an emerging scholar to work directly with DPAA staff and scientists on a variety of digital military history projects that further the agency&amp;rsquo;s mission.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Jessica Mack Receives Grant for Project on Universities and Power</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/jessica-mack-receives-grant-for-project-on-universities-and-power/</link><pubDate>Thu, 29 Jul 2021 15:33:29 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/jessica-mack-receives-grant-for-project-on-universities-and-power/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Our postdoctoral fellow, &lt;a href="https://rrchnm.org/author/jmack9/"&gt;Dr. Jessica Mack&lt;/a&gt;, has received funding from the &lt;a href="https://4-va.org/"&gt;4VA consortium&lt;/a&gt; for her digital project &lt;em&gt;Mapping the University: A Digital Resource for Studying Virginia Campus Histories&lt;/em&gt;. Her project is an interdisciplinary, collaborative research project that will analyze the histories of Virginia campuses using university archives, digital mapping, and aerial photographs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mapping the University&lt;/em&gt; is a timely inquiry into the planning, construction and expansion of the campus at George Mason and &lt;a href="http://www.odu.edu"&gt;Old Dominion University&lt;/a&gt;. In a collaborative effort that will prioritize building undergraduate and graduate research skills, students at the two universities will work with university archivists, historians, and digital scholars to better understand student life on campus, academic priorities, historical exclusions, and town-gown relations, and to contextualize recent discussions about building naming, monuments and memorialization on campus. In collaboration with Mason’s &lt;a href="http://scrc.gmu.edu/about.php"&gt;Special Collections Research Center&lt;/a&gt; at Fenwick Library, RRCHNM, the &lt;a href="https://historyarthistory.gmu.edu/"&gt;Department of History and Art History&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="https://science.gmu.edu/academics/departments-units/geography-geoinformation-science"&gt;Geography and Geoinformation Science Department&lt;/a&gt;, and colleagues at ODU, the project will provide training for students in archival research methods, digital history tools, and spatial analysis of materials such as maps, architectural plans, and aerial photographs. The result will be an open access, interactive website that will provide access to digitized archival documents alongside digital maps and interpretive content.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Lincoln Mullen Selected for Library of Congress Initiative</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/lincoln-mullen-selected-for-library-of-congress-initiative/</link><pubDate>Tue, 06 Jul 2021 11:27:15 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/lincoln-mullen-selected-for-library-of-congress-initiative/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Professor Lincoln Mullen, Director of Computational History at RRCHNM, will join two other digital humanists at the Library of Congress as fellows working on the &lt;a href="https://blogs.loc.gov/thesignal/2021/06/lc-labs-welcomes-computing-cultural-heritage-in-the-cloud-cchc-researchers/"&gt;Computing Cultural Heritage in the Cloud&lt;/a&gt; initiative. Mullen will use this opportunity to extend the work he has done in his award-winning &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://americaspublicbible.org/"&gt;America&amp;rsquo;s Public Bible&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; project and will be applying lessons from that project to a wide range of digital collections at the Library. The CCHC initiative is a first foray by the Library into using AI tools to transform access to knowledge and we are very proud of our colleague for being selected for this prestigious fellowship.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Mills Kelly honored by Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz for teaching excellence</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/mills-kelly-honored-by-johannes-gutenberg-university-mainz-for-teaching-excellence/</link><pubDate>Wed, 30 Jun 2021 13:22:29 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/mills-kelly-honored-by-johannes-gutenberg-university-mainz-for-teaching-excellence/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Mills Kelly, the executive director of RRCHNM and a leading expert on the scholarship of teaching and learning for history, has been an &lt;a href="https://nachrichten.idw-online.de/2021/06/18/mills-kelly-traeger-des-gutenberg-teaching-awards-besucht-die-jgu/"&gt;honored guest&lt;/a&gt; at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz the past two weeks. Kelly has been in residence at the university, and has been honored in a ceremony signing the university&amp;rsquo;s Golden Book. The reception celebrated Kelly&amp;rsquo;s previous receipt of the Gutenberg Teaching Award, which was rescheduled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Congratulations to Dr. Janelle Legg</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/congratulations-to-dr-janelle-legg/</link><pubDate>Wed, 05 May 2021 10:35:38 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/congratulations-to-dr-janelle-legg/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Here at RRCHNM we are very proud of our former graduate research assistant and recent Mason PhD, Dr. Jannelle Legg who has just accepted a tenure-track position as an Assistant Professor in the College of Arts and Humanities at Gallaudet University where she will also be part of the team and the &lt;a href="https://www.gallaudet.edu/drs-john-s-and-betty-j-schuchman-deaf-documentary-center/"&gt;Schuchman Deaf Documentary Center&lt;/a&gt; beginning this fall. Jannelle, who defended her excellent dissertation last month, is an expert on the intersection of deaf history and digital humanities and we are looking forward to having her back in the greater DC area. Congratulations Jannelle!&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Come Work With Us!</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/come-work-with-us/</link><pubDate>Fri, 23 Apr 2021 13:37:31 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/come-work-with-us/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;We are pleased to announce that the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media is collaborating with the &lt;a href="https://www.dpaa.mil/"&gt;Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency&lt;/a&gt; (DPAA) to host a new postdoctoral fellowship in digital military history here at our center. The DPAA is the Defense Department agency charged with providing the fullest possible accounting for America&amp;rsquo;s missing military personnel to their families and the nation. Researchers and scientists from DPAA travel to wherever American military personnel have died or gone missing in order to provide accurate and timely information to the families of those who remain unaccounted for. Funding for this fellowship, which may be renewed, will allow an emerging scholar to work directly with DPAA staff and scientists on a variety of digital military history projects that further the agency&amp;rsquo;s mission.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>NMAAHC/HBCU History and Culture Access Consortium</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/nmaahc-hbcu-access-consortium/</link><pubDate>Tue, 23 Mar 2021 14:56:06 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/nmaahc-hbcu-access-consortium/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;We are very proud to announce that the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media will be playing a lead role in the &lt;em&gt;HBCU History and Culture Access Consortium&lt;/em&gt; announced today. The Consortium brings together the &lt;a href="https://nmaahc.si.edu/"&gt;National Museum of African American History and Culture&lt;/a&gt; and five Historically Black Colleges and Universities with the goal of making public the riches of the special collections and archives at these five institutions: Tuskegee University, Clark Atlanta University, Jackson State University, Florida A&amp;amp;M University, Texas Southern University.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Material Histories of the Indian Ocean World, 1500-Present</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/material-histories-of-the-indian-ocean-world-1500-present/</link><pubDate>Thu, 18 Mar 2021 12:18:22 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/material-histories-of-the-indian-ocean-world-1500-present/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Join RRCHNM for an exciting new series, organized and hosted by Dr. Deepthi Murali, on &amp;ldquo;&lt;a href="https://iowmaterialhistorieswebinar.org/s/Material-Histories/page/home"&gt;Material Histories of the Indian Ocean World, 1500-Present&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The&lt;em&gt;Material Histories of the Indian Ocean World&lt;/em&gt;webinar brings together scholars from different disciplines that work primarily on the study of artistic materials produced, circulated, and used in and through the Indian Ocean World (IOW) post the advent of European mercantile powers in this part of the world. This webinar seeks to look at the study of transcultural and transoceanic objects, architecture, and material culture through an interdisciplinary perspective. Using their expertise in different types of materials, regions, and methdological questions related to the IOW, participants will discuss their own research experiences and methdological approaches while also providing insight into the challenges of such research. The series runs from March 24, 2021 - April 22, 2021.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>RRCHNM Receives NEH Chairman's Grant</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-receives-neh-chairmans-grant/</link><pubDate>Mon, 15 Mar 2021 11:26:29 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-receives-neh-chairmans-grant/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;We are pleased to announce that RRCHNM has received an National Endowment for the Humanities Chairman&amp;rsquo;s Grant. Funding from this grant will help us assist Dr. &lt;a href="https://digitalpedagogylab.com/jewon-woo/"&gt;Jewon Woo&lt;/a&gt;, Associate Professor of English at Lorain Community College (Ohio), with her digital project on the 19th-century Black press in Ohio. Her project, which is also supported by the NEH, is titled, &amp;ldquo;Rhizomatic Democracy in the Nineteenth-Century Black Press of Ohio.&amp;rdquo; Professor Woo will be using digital humanities tools to illuminate the distinctively collaborative editorship of these newspapers and through that research will help us better understand the complexity of 19th century African American communal life. We are pleased to be collaborating with Professor Woo on this exciting project and are very grateful to the NEH for making that collaboration possible.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Releasing a Web Monetization module for Omeka S</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/releasing-a-web-monetization-module-for-omeka-s/</link><pubDate>Tue, 09 Mar 2021 17:40:26 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/releasing-a-web-monetization-module-for-omeka-s/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Today RRCHNM is announcing the release of a &lt;a href="https://github.com/chnm/WebMonetization-module"&gt;module for Omeka S&lt;/a&gt; that will allow cultural heritage institutions to enable Web Monetization on their digital collections, so that users can stream micropayments for their support.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;That was a lot of jargon. Let&amp;rsquo;s back up a few steps.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;First, a principle: We believe that cultural heritage institutions (like RRCHNM!) should align their mission with the users that they serve. It would be ideal, in other words, if what was financially good for an institution aligned with what was best for its constituents. It is very rarely the case, however, that providers of digital content are supported by their users. More often they have a different revenue stream. While this is not all bad, it can lead institutions to be funder-driven rather than mission-driven. And it does leave institutions vulnerable to the ebbs and flows of their funding.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Collecting These Times: American Jewish Experiences of the Pandemic Invites Communities to Contribute to Collections Documenting Jewish Life During Pandemic</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/collecting-these-times-american-jewish-experiences-of-the-pandemic-invites-communities-to-contribute-to-collections-documenting-jewish-life-during-pandemic/</link><pubDate>Tue, 09 Mar 2021 16:11:23 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/collecting-these-times-american-jewish-experiences-of-the-pandemic-invites-communities-to-contribute-to-collections-documenting-jewish-life-during-pandemic/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For Immediate Release&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;DATE 3/8/2021&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Contact: Jason Edelstein, 510-239-1102&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Collecting Projects Led by the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media at George Mason University and the Council of American Jewish Museums Are Accessible to All&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Washington, DC — A &lt;a href="https://collectingthesetimes.org/s/collecting-these-times/page/home"&gt;new web portal&lt;/a&gt; connects American Jews to Jewish institutions and collecting projects that are gathering and preserving materials related to Jewish life during the pandemic. The interactive website, &lt;em&gt;Collecting These Times: American Jewish Experiences of the Pandemic (&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href="https://collectingthesetimes.org/s/collecting-these-times/page/home"&gt;&lt;em&gt;CollectingTheseTimes.org&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;*),*was developed by the&lt;a href="https://rrchnm.org/"&gt;Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media&lt;/a&gt; (RRCHNM) at George Mason University in partnership with the &lt;a href="http://www.cajm.net/http://www.cajm.net/"&gt;Council of American Jewish Museums&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="https://www.thebreman.org/"&gt;Breman Museum&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="https://capitaljewishmuseum.org/"&gt;Capital Jewish Museum&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.htc.edu/"&gt;Hebrew Theological College&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://www.jtsa.edu/library"&gt;Jewish Theological Seminary of America&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="https://www.prizmah.org/"&gt;Prizmah: Center for Jewish Day Schools&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Collecting These Times: RRCHNM Gathers and Interprets COVID-19’s Impact on American Judaism</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/collecting-these-times-rrchnm-gathers-and-interprets-covid-19s-impact-on-american-judaism/</link><pubDate>Mon, 08 Mar 2021 11:21:01 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/collecting-these-times-rrchnm-gathers-and-interprets-covid-19s-impact-on-american-judaism/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;by Anne Reynolds&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;From the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (RRCHNM) has worked to document the ways in which the virus has impacted religious communities through its &lt;em&gt;Pandemic Religion&lt;/em&gt; digital collection. As part of this effort, &lt;em&gt;American Jewish Life&lt;/em&gt; launched in July 2020 to document and interpret the experiences of Jewish individuals and communities.&lt;/p&gt;



 

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&lt;p&gt;An interfaith Chavurah made up of members of Congregation Beth Or in Maple Glen, PA celebrates the fourth night of Hanukkah together over Zoom. A pandemic didn&amp;rsquo;t stop this Chavurah&amp;rsquo;s 20+ year tradition!&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>New Directions at RRCHNM</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/new-directions-at-rrchnm/</link><pubDate>Sun, 21 Feb 2021 14:40:15 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/new-directions-at-rrchnm/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Fifteen years ago a team of faculty, students, and developers here at RRCHNM began an ambitious new project. They wanted to create a browser plug-in that would allow users to capture and save things they were looking at online, but not just as a simple save of those items. They wanted to capture the metadata associated with those pages, images, datasets, .pdf files, and everything else the user was looking at, and to save it in ways that were searchable, shareable, and would allow all that data to be organized for research, writing, and teaching. In short, they wanted to kill the 3x5 card that had been the ubiquitous tool of scholars and students in the humanities (and lots of other disciplines) for decades. The result was &lt;a href="http://zotero.org"&gt;Zotero&lt;/a&gt;, possibly the most successful piece of open source software ever to come out of a humanities center.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Documenting, Sharing, and Learning from Jewish Life During the Pandemic</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/documenting-sharing-and-learning-from-jewish-life-during-the-pandemic/</link><pubDate>Thu, 18 Feb 2021 15:50:58 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/documenting-sharing-and-learning-from-jewish-life-during-the-pandemic/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Council of American Jewish Museums and George Mason University’s Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media Receive Grants for Major Archiving Project Led by Lippman Kanfer Foundation for Living Torah&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;January 27, 2021 — The &lt;a href="http://www.cajm.net/"&gt;Council of American Jewish Museums&lt;/a&gt; (CAJM) and George Mason University’s &lt;a href="https://rrchnm.org/"&gt;Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media&lt;/a&gt; (RRCHNM) are launching two new collecting initiatives with support from a group of Jewish funders, the Chronicling Funder Collaborative, to document diverse Jewish experiences of the pandemic. The Rosenzweig Center received a grant to create a web portal that will serve as a digital content hub reflecting Jewish life during this time. The grant to CAJM enables it to partner with 18 member institutions to lead a broad-based oral history collecting initiative.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Jessica Mack @ CLAH 2021</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/jessica-mack-clah-2021/</link><pubDate>Fri, 08 Jan 2021 10:13:08 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/jessica-mack-clah-2021/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Dr. Jessica Mack, a postdoctoral fellow at RRCHNM, will chair and present in a panel titled &amp;ldquo;Building Modernization: Urban Megaprojects in 20th Century Latin America&amp;rdquo; at the Conference on Latin American History&amp;rsquo;s 2021 annual meeting. Dr. Mack will present her work titled &amp;ldquo;Building the Lettered City: Planning and Construction in Ciudad Universitaria, 1950-54.&amp;rdquo; You can &lt;a href="https://clah.lasaweb.org/?selectedDay=2021-01-10"&gt;watch the panel online&lt;/a&gt; on Sunday, January 10, at 4:30 p.m.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Arguing with Digital History: Patterns of Historical Interpretation</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/arguing-with-digital-history-patterns-of-interpretation/</link><pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/arguing-with-digital-history-patterns-of-interpretation/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Navigating through Narrative</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/navigating-through-narrative/</link><pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/navigating-through-narrative/</guid><description/></item><item><title>The Making of America's Public Bible: Computational Text Analysis in Religious History</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/making-of-americas-public-bible-computational-text/</link><pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/making-of-americas-public-bible-computational-text/</guid><description/></item><item><title>PhD Students Brannan and Hubai Accepted as HASTAC Scholars</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/phd-students-brannan-and-hubai-accepted-as-hastac-scholars/</link><pubDate>Fri, 18 Dec 2020 14:08:10 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/phd-students-brannan-and-hubai-accepted-as-hastac-scholars/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Two PhD students in GMU&amp;rsquo;s Department of History and Art History, &lt;a href="https://historyarthistory.gmu.edu/people/lbranna"&gt;Laura Brannan&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="https://historyarthistory.gmu.edu/people/jhubai"&gt;Janine Hubai&lt;/a&gt;, have been accepted as &lt;a href="https://www.hastac.org/initiatives/hastac-scholars"&gt;HASTAC Scholars&lt;/a&gt;. The HASTAC scholarship program supports graduate students across many colleges and universities who are working at the intersection of technology and the arts, humanities, and sciences. The scholars accepted to the program join a cohort across the more than two hundred institutions that participate worldwide.
Brannan and Hubai are both working on a digital project around Black Lives Matters and the racial reckoning of the United States. They have worked with GMU&amp;rsquo;s Professor Spencer Crew, interim director of the National Museum of African American History and Culture, on building a digital history project that will help contextualize the racial history of statues that are currently contested. Their project focuses in particular on Monument Avenue in Richmond, Virginia—one of the nation’s hubs for protests around Confederate statues—as well as on statues of Ulysses S. Grant. This work in progress will be part of their participation in the HASTAC program, and both will also have opportunities to extend their professional and interdisciplinary connections.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Murali's "Visualizing the Interwoven World" Receives Grants from AIIS</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/muralis-visualizing-the-interwoven-world-receives-grants-from-aiis/</link><pubDate>Fri, 18 Dec 2020 13:32:51 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/muralis-visualizing-the-interwoven-world-receives-grants-from-aiis/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Dr. &lt;a href="http://www.deepthimurali.com"&gt;Deepthi Murali&lt;/a&gt; has received a Digital India Learning Scholarship grant from the &lt;a href="https://www.indiastudies.org"&gt;American Institute of Indian Studies&lt;/a&gt; in support of a new digital art history project. &lt;em&gt;Visualizing the Interwoven World of Eighteenth-Century Indian Textiles&lt;/em&gt; will collate and analyze more than five hundred images and associated metadata of South Indian textiles from publicly accessible museum collections to produce a searchable aggregated database on these textiles, the first of its kind. The project will also publish interpretive results on patterns of use, circulation routes of textiles and merchant communities, and centers of production. Digital output will include data visualization in the form of interactive maps, visual charts, blogs, and audio recordings. This is a pilot project for a larger born-digital project on the material histories of Indian Ocean World with a focus on South Asia. The work for this project will take place over 2020 and 2021.
After receiving her PhD in Art History from the University of Illinois at Chicago, Dr. Murali joined RRCHNM as a postdoc. She is an expert on the history of the art in India, and she has contributed to a number of digital art history and digital history projects at RRCHNM and other institutions, including World History Commons, the Masala History Podcast, the Humanities Without Walls Consortium Podcast, and the Consolation Prize Podcast.



 

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 Hanging Depicting a European Conflict in South India, before 1763, southeast India (for the British market), Cotton, plain weave (drawn and painted, mordant and resist dyed), 296.5x261.6cm, The Metropolitan Museum of Art (accession no. 2014.88).
 
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 &lt;p class="mt-3 text-sm text-white/80 text-center max-w-2xl"&gt;Hanging Depicting a European Conflict in South India, before 1763, southeast India (for the British market), Cotton, plain weave (drawn and painted, mordant and resist dyed), 296.5x261.6cm, The Metropolitan Museum of Art (accession no. 2014.88).&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>40,000+ Documents from Religious Bodies Census Digitized Nearly a Century Later</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/40000-documents-from-religious-bodies-census-digitized-nearly-a-century-later/</link><pubDate>Mon, 14 Dec 2020 10:19:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/40000-documents-from-religious-bodies-census-digitized-nearly-a-century-later/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Today the &lt;em&gt;American Religious Ecologies&lt;/em&gt; project is releasing the &lt;a href="https://omeka.religiousecologies.org/s/census-1926/"&gt;initial version of a website&lt;/a&gt; that makes available tens of thousands of documents from the 1926 U.S. Census of Religious Bodies. These schedules, or forms, describe religious congregations from the early twentieth century from a wide range of religious traditions. These documents are freely available to scholars, students, and local historians, who can browse or search for them by location or by religious identification.
For the first half of the twentieth century, the U.S. Census Bureau collected remarkably detailed information about American religious institutions. The Bureau undertook this survey every ten years, from 1906 until 1946. In 1926, the Bureau tabulated 232,154 congregations, including groups such as Roman Catholics, Baptists, the African Methodist Episcopal Church, Jews, and over a dozen relatively new Pentecostal denominations. For each congregation, the Bureau collected a schedule (or form) detailing information such as its membership by sex and age, its buildings and finances, and its location.
The schedules from the other religious bodies censuses have been lost or destroyed. Only the schedules from the 1926 census survive. These schedules are a treasure trove of information, the single richest historical source of data about American congregations. Until today, however, these documents have been available only in an uncatalogued collection housed at the National Archives.
With the aid of a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, historians on the &lt;em&gt;American Religious Ecologies&lt;/em&gt;project have been photographing and cataloging this collection. The initial release of the collection features schedules from over 40,000 congregations across the country. Users can find schedules by religious identification, by state and county, or by browsing them on a map. The project staff will continue to add schedules to the website on a rolling basis, as well as eventually adding transcriptions of the data contained in the schedules. All materials created by the project are either in the public domain or released under an open-access license, and they are thus free for use by scholars, educators and students, and local historians and genealogists.
For additional background information, you can read about the &lt;a href="https://religiousecologies.org/blog/religion-and-the-u.s.-census/"&gt;history of the Religious Bodies censuses&lt;/a&gt;, about what we have &lt;a href="https://religiousecologies.org/blog/how-the-the-religious-bodies-census-was-first-digitized-...-in-the-1920s/"&gt;learned about the Census Bureau’s efforts to count religion&lt;/a&gt;, or about &lt;a href="https://religiousecologies.org/blog/what-can-you-learn-from-a-census-schedule/"&gt;what you can learn from a Religious Bodies census schedule&lt;/a&gt;.



 

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&lt;em&gt;Cross-posted from the&lt;/em&gt;*&lt;a href="https://religiousecologies.org/blog/40000-documents-from-religious-bodies-census-digitized-nearly-a-century-later/"&gt;American Religious Ecologies blog&lt;/a&gt;.*&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>New Publication Model, Editor for Current Research in Digital History</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/new-publication-model-editor-for-current-research-in-digital-history/</link><pubDate>Wed, 28 Oct 2020 09:57:40 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/new-publication-model-editor-for-current-research-in-digital-history/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;For the past three years, the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media has been publishing a peer-reviewed journal, &lt;em&gt;Current Research in Digital History&lt;/em&gt;. Over those three years, our mission for &lt;em&gt;CRDH&lt;/em&gt;has been consistent. We think that digital history needs more scholarship that makes &lt;a href="https://rrchnm.org/argument-white-paper/"&gt;interpretative or argumentative claims&lt;/a&gt; within specific fields of history. Digital history methods, in other words, ought to produce new historical insights, and those new historical insights ought to be shared with, say, scholars of American legal history or of Ottoman culture. &lt;em&gt;CRDH&lt;/em&gt; exists to provide a home for—or sometimes a waypoint to—such scholarship. We publish short-form essays of about 3,000 words. We have built a platform which we will continue to expand that can host whatever kind of digital history content an author can imagine. We publish the articles open access. And we envision this as a place where scholars can either write up the interpretative aspects of a digital history project or publish a brief version of an idea that they will develop more fully elsewhere. Part of that is that we publish quickly: less than a year from submission through peer review to publication, and faster if we can.



 

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For the first few years we published &lt;em&gt;CRDH&lt;/em&gt; in conjunction with an annual conference that we held at RRCHNM in Virginia. The purpose of the conference was to bootstrap the journal, by helping provide guidance to digital historians who were applying their digital methods to argumentative history for the first time. We have found CRDH to be a modest success. A number of scholars have seen how we are trying to enable their work and have taken advantage of the venue. We are especially pleased that the journal has been a useful home for graduate students and early career scholars who want to publish work in digital history.
Today we published the 2020 issue, but we are also making a step to a new publication model. We will begin accepting and publishing submissions on a rolling basis. In other words, instead of waiting to publish all the articles we receive all at the same time, we will publish them as they become ready for publication. And the journal will now be completely decoupled from the conference, which we will no longer hold. We are making these steps for two reasons. First, there were always scholars who could not attend the conference, and we will be able to draw from a wider pool of scholars now. And second, we like to keep the &lt;em&gt;current&lt;/em&gt; in &lt;em&gt;CRDH&lt;/em&gt;, and this move will allow us to publish articles faster.
If &lt;em&gt;CRDH&lt;/em&gt; sounds like a venue in which you could publish your work, we encourage you to &lt;a href="https://crdh.rrchnm.org/submissions/"&gt;send submissions&lt;/a&gt; or even just questions to the editors.
We have another important piece of news about &lt;em&gt;CRDH&lt;/em&gt; as well. For the past three years, &lt;a href="http://gretakswain.org"&gt;Greta Swain&lt;/a&gt; has been the journal&amp;rsquo;s editorial assistant. No one has done more for the success of the journal—or of its authors—than Greta. Starting now, she will join the journal as an editor alongside Stephen Robertson and Lincoln Mullen. She is a gifted scholar of early Americas and of digital history, and will bring a keen eye for both historical argumentation and the craft of digital history to editing the journal. As a PhD candidate at George Mason University, she will also be a part of the journal&amp;rsquo;s strategy in reaching out to graduate students and early career scholars. We are grateful that Swain is taking on this new role as the journal transitions to a new publication model.
While &lt;em&gt;CRDH&lt;/em&gt;is finalizing its editorial board, we are grateful that the following scholars have agreed to join the editorial board. All of them have been long-time supporters of the journal&amp;rsquo;s mission, and they will bring their wide-ranging experience to bear in helping us accomplish that mission.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Current Research in Digital History 2020</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/current-research-in-digital-history-2020/</link><pubDate>Wed, 28 Oct 2020 09:55:18 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/current-research-in-digital-history-2020/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Today RRCHNM is publishing the third issue of our open-access, peer-reviewed publication &lt;a href="https://crdh.rrchnm.org/"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Current Research in Digital History&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. This issue features &lt;a href="https://crdh.rrchnm.org/volume/2020/"&gt;six essays&lt;/a&gt; on topics ranging from the &lt;a href="https://crdh.rrchnm.org/essays/v03-01-bridge-between-two-worlds/"&gt;Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee’s (SNCC) national network-based infrastructure&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://crdh.rrchnm.org/essays/v03-03-mapping-commercial-currents/"&gt;maritime mobility in mid-nineteenth century Puget Sound&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="https://crdh.rrchnm.org/essays/v03-06-tale-of-three-valleys/"&gt;reimagined regional identities of Colorado and New Mexico’s San Luis Valley&lt;/a&gt;, to &lt;a href="https://crdh.rrchnm.org/essays/v03-05-silent-no-more/"&gt;women’s key roles as mediators in Ottoman-Algerian socio-political networks&lt;/a&gt;, a &lt;a href="https://crdh.rrchnm.org/essays/v03-02-whats-on-history/"&gt;critique of History’s (formerly The History Channel) nominally historical programing&lt;/a&gt;, and the &lt;a href="https://crdh.rrchnm.org/essays/v03-04-news-diets/"&gt;&amp;ldquo;news(paper) diets&amp;rdquo; served up to early-twentieth-century American readers&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>From Historical Sources to Datasets: A Preview of DataScribe</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/from-historical-sources-to-datasets-a-preview-of-datascribe/</link><pubDate>Wed, 21 Oct 2020 12:10:54 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/from-historical-sources-to-datasets-a-preview-of-datascribe/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Updated November 11: The &lt;a href="https://github.com/chnm/Datascribe-module/releases/tag/v1.0.0-beta"&gt;beta release&lt;/a&gt; is now available for &lt;a href="https://github.com/chnm/Datascribe-module/releases/download/v1.0.0-beta/Datascribe-1.0.0-beta.zip"&gt;download (zip file)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;
Scholars in history and related humanities fields are increasingly turning towards data analysis and visualization in order to understand the past. Historians have of course long used sources with quantitative informations, such as probate records, tax lists, bills of mortality, censuses, and the like. The mass digitization of historical records has only made those types of sources more readily accessible.
And yet there is a huge gap between having a historical source (even a digitized one) and having a dataset which can be analyzed. By analogy, you can think of the difference between having an image of a manuscript and having a text transcription of that document. But with datasets, the problem of transcription is even more difficult, because data has structure. For example, historical documents may have many small variations in how they are laid out, but when transcribed they should all use the same variable. Or it may be important to standardize the transcription of a set of categories. Historians and scholars who are creating their own datasets have been transcribing them in software not really designed for the purpose, perhaps in spreadsheets. But those ad hoc approaches have many limitations. (Believe us, we&amp;rsquo;ve run into them many times!) And those limitations great affect the speed, accuracy, and usability of the datasets that are transcribed.
Enter &lt;a href="https://datascribe.tech"&gt;DataScribe&lt;/a&gt;. In September 2019, the NEH&amp;rsquo;s &lt;a href="https://www.neh.gov/divisions/odh"&gt;Office of Digital Humanities&lt;/a&gt; awarded RRCHNM a &lt;a href="https://securegrants.neh.gov/publicquery/main.aspx?f=1&amp;amp;gn=HAA-266444-19"&gt;grant&lt;/a&gt; to develop software to tackle just this problem. We have been diligently—but quietly—developing this software over the past year. As we approach our initial round of  testing outside of RRCHNM, we are ready to start giving you previews of what this software will be able to do.
DataScribe is built on the Omeka S platform. Many, many humanities projects are already using Omeka S to describe and display collections of historical sources. You will be able to add the open-source DataScribe module to Omeka and use it to transcribe historical sources. You can define what a dataset should look like: the variables you are going to transcribe and the types of data (numeric, categorical, textual, as well as custom data types) that go into those variables. Teams of people will then be able to transcribe the sources, and we are building in a workflow for reviewing and managing transcriptions. Transcribers will see the historical sources side by side with the fields they need to transcribe, and managers will be able to see the status of the project. While this software is in very rapid development and will continue to change, you can get a sneak preview of what it looks like in the screenshots at the end of this post.
So, when can you get your hands on DataScribe? The answer is soon. DataScribe is currently alpha software, and you can follow its development and open issues at our &lt;a href="https://github.com/chnm/Datascribe-module"&gt;GitHub repository.&lt;/a&gt; On November 11 we will move into our first round of public beta testing. If you are interested in testing DataScribe—or even just want to receive periodic updates about the project—&lt;strong&gt;please fill out this &lt;a href="https://forms.gle/rvPUPrxysiujW8H46"&gt;very brief form&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt; We will add you to a mailing list to keep you up to date about the project, and if you indicate an interest in testing we will be back in touch with the details. Our &lt;a href="https://datascribe.tech"&gt;project website&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="https://github.com/chnm/Datascribe-module/wiki"&gt;draft documentation&lt;/a&gt; are also great ways to learn about the project.
One of the ways that humanities discipline is moving forward is by creating (and sharing) new datasets. Very few historians working with data are dealing with off-the-shelf datasets which are already ready to be analyzed or visualized. To create new historical or humanities knowledge, scholars need to be able to create new datasets. And that is what DataScribe will help them do.
 
&lt;em&gt;Screenshots of the DataScribe module (click for full resolution images)&lt;/em&gt;



 

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 &lt;p class="mt-3 text-sm text-white/80 text-center max-w-2xl"&gt;DataScribe allows users to see the documents they are transcribing, to enter the transcription into fields that ensure data accuracy and consistency, and to manage the workflow of the project.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Consolation Prize -- a New Podcast From RRCHNM</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/consolation-prize-a-new-podcast-from-rrchnm/</link><pubDate>Mon, 28 Sep 2020 07:52:18 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/consolation-prize-a-new-podcast-from-rrchnm/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;When you think of the most exciting, controversial, or salacious moments in American history, your first thought probably isn’t the story of a U.S. consul. Consuls were charged by the U.S. State Department with reporting American trade in cities across the world, as well as taking care of Americans abroad, but they had little official diplomatic power. They weren’t negotiating treaties or starting wars; they weren’t leading charges into battle or changing the political landscape.
Or were they? The responsibility for the United States’ reputation in other parts of the world often fell squarely on the shoulders of consuls, who were the first ones called in when Americans got themselves in trouble or were mistreated while they were abroad. How they interpreted their duties sometimes got them involved in all kinds of complicated circumstances. And often, their actions on a personal level had ramifications far up the chain, even making a difference in national politics or international relations.
The stories of these consuls deserve to be told. Here at RRCHNM, we’re starting a podcast to tell them. &lt;a href="https://podcasts.rrchnm.org/show/consolation-prize/"&gt;Consolation Prize&lt;/a&gt; is a narrative-style podcast, hosted by Abby Mullen, who talks to scholars across the historical discipline about consuls and their world. You’ll also hear the voices of these consuls, their colleagues, and their enemies, telling their own stories. In this season, you’ll hear about rhinoceroses, and coffee trading, and hymn writing; you’ll hear about imprisonment, slavery, and oppression. You’ll hear stories of revenge, humiliation, and bitter feuds, but also stories of triumph, joy, and delight. You’ll go places as close to home as Vera Cruz, Mexico, and as far away as Canton and Zanzibar.
Please join us as we travel the globe with nineteenth-century consuls! You can &lt;a href="https://podcasts.rrchnm.org/show/consolation-prize/"&gt;visit our website&lt;/a&gt; for more info, including where to subscribe so you don’t miss any episodes. You’ll also find our show notes there, which include transcripts of the episodes, bios of our experts, further readings, and so much more. You can also follow us on Twitter at &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/ConsolPrize"&gt;@ConsolPrize&lt;/a&gt;, or join our Facebook group, to get more resources and behind-the-scenes content.
Episode 1 of Consolation Prize takes us to Vera Cruz, Mexico, where we investigate what happens when personal affairs and official duties intermingle; in Episode 2, we head to Liverpool during the height of the impressment crisis before the War of 1812. Episodes post every three weeks on Tuesdays.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Congratulations to Capital Jewish Museum on Groundbreaking Festival</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/congratulations-to-capital-jewish-museum-on-groundbreaking-festival/</link><pubDate>Fri, 04 Sep 2020 16:46:32 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/congratulations-to-capital-jewish-museum-on-groundbreaking-festival/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, RRCHNM has been collaborating with a series of partners on its &lt;a href="https://pandemicreligion.org/"&gt;Pandemic Religion&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="https://pandemicreligion.org/s/american-jewish-life/"&gt;American Jewish Life&lt;/a&gt; project. We have been very fortunate to have had the chance to work with these partners to collect and preserve sources about the impact the pandemic is having on American religion.
One of our partners—and neighbors—is the Capital Jewish Museum, which has also accepted a GMU student as an intern. But the Capital Jewish Museum is not even officially open yet! The work they are doing is all the more remarkable, then, and we are all the more pleased to share this announcement of their &lt;a href="https://capitaljewishmuseum.org/groundbreaking/"&gt;groundbreaking festival&lt;/a&gt;, coming up on September 12 to September 18.



 

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&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Laura Brannan Speaks at African American Museum Conference</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/laura-brannan-speaks-at-african-american-museum-conference/</link><pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2020 11:20:52 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/laura-brannan-speaks-at-african-american-museum-conference/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;In August, PhD student and RRCHNM graduate research assistant &lt;a href="https://rrchnm.org/author/lbranna/"&gt;Laura Brannan&lt;/a&gt; spoke at the annual meeting of the &lt;a href="https://blackmuseums.org/"&gt;Association of African American Museums&lt;/a&gt;&amp;ndash;the organization&amp;rsquo;s first ever virtual conference. Laura writes about her experience speaking at the conference:
&amp;ldquo;Recently, I virtually presented at the Association of African American Museums conference (AAAM). I admit I was a bit hesitant; this was my first virtual conference and I was unsure what to expect. Nevertheless, my experience at AAAM demonstrated the possibilities and slight limitations of presenting and attending a completely digital conference. The AAAM staff built the conference site from the ground up via the platform &lt;a href="https://blackmuseums.org/aaam-pheedloop-interest/"&gt;PheedLoop&lt;/a&gt;. This recreated the conference experience to the best of its abilities, with the user able to message and video chat with anyone in the virtual “lobby” room and access all recorded sessions after the fact. In this sense, the digital format was very helpful and made me feel connected to other participants.
As a presenter, overall, I found that the various digital platforms helped me successfully prepare for my roundtable discussion. My co-panelists and I rehearsed beforehand via Zoom, shared notes via Google Docs, and communicated with our panel moderator during the presentation via the chat feature in Zoom. The roundtable was conducted as a Zoom webinar, where I was a panelist and could only see the tiles of my fellow panelists. Though strange and somewhat alienating to not see the faces of the audience members during the presentation, in a way the digital format actually helped me focus more easily on the conversation.
Alongside members of the &lt;a href="https://www.johnmitchelljrprogram.gmu.edu/"&gt;John Mitchell Jr. Program for History, Justice, and Race&lt;/a&gt; from the School of Conflict, Analysis, and Resolution at George Mason, our session discussed the National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC) as a site of healing, pilgrimage, and controversies in the context of COVID-19 and the current racial reckoning in the U.S. today. As a scholar of race, gender, and public memory in the U.S., I pointed out the institutional legacies NMAAHC contends with as the first museum to exclusively center African, African American, and Black voices in the U.S. yet still be a part of the Smithsonian, an institution created in the mid-nineteenth century. In the current state of racial reckoning throughout the country, I also spoke of the importance for white people to visit museums like NMAAHC that center lives and stories different from theirs. Through exhibits and programming, Black-centered museums such as the NMAAHC encourage visitors to confront the history of oppression and racism in the U.S. while also serving as potential spaces to promote healing and reconciliation.
Although AAAM was not a typical conference by past in-person standards, its success serves as a model for how virtual conferences can be typical in the world of COVID-19 and remote work. More importantly, AAAM showed how digital tools can facilitate important conversations between people in different parts of the world that would otherwise not be possible.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>American Jewish Life: A Pandemic Religion Project</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/american-jewish-life-a-pandemic-religion-project/</link><pubDate>Thu, 23 Jul 2020 14:49:27 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/american-jewish-life-a-pandemic-religion-project/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Today the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media is launching &lt;em&gt;American Jewish Life&lt;/em&gt;, a digital collecting project that will document and interpret the experiences of individuals and communities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Part of the Center&amp;rsquo;s larger &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://pandemicreligion.org/"&gt;Pandemic Religion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; project, &lt;em&gt;American Jewish Life&lt;/em&gt;has been created in partnership with the &lt;a href="https://www.thebreman.org/"&gt;Breman Museum&lt;/a&gt;; the &lt;a href="https://capitaljewishmuseum.org/"&gt;Capital Jewish Museum&lt;/a&gt;; the &lt;a href="https://www.isjl.org/"&gt;Goldring/Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life&lt;/a&gt;;  &lt;a href="http://www.htc.edu/"&gt;Hebrew Theological College&lt;/a&gt;; the &lt;a href="https://jewishstudies.rice.edu/houston-jewish-history-archive"&gt;Houston Jewish History Archive at Rice University&lt;/a&gt;; and &lt;a href="https://library.yu.edu/locations/archives"&gt;Yeshiva University&lt;/a&gt;. The six Jewish institutions who have partnered with &lt;em&gt;American Jewish Life&lt;/em&gt; are broadly representative of the geographic and theological diversity of American Judaism.  



 

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Most of the initial items on &lt;em&gt;American Jewish Life&lt;/em&gt;represent the prior collecting of our partner institutions. Others have been contributed by visitors to the &lt;em&gt;Pandemic Religion&lt;/em&gt; site.
You may wish to browse some of the items that have already been contribute:&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Pandemic Religion Digital Stories Fellowship: Call for Participants</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/pandemic-religion-digital-stories-fellowship-call-for-participants/</link><pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2020 12:36:40 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/pandemic-religion-digital-stories-fellowship-call-for-participants/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://religioninplace.org/blog/"&gt;Lived Religion in the Digital Age&lt;/a&gt;, a project of St. Louis University, in partnership with the &lt;a href="https://pandemicreligion.org/s/contributions/page/welcome"&gt;Pandemic Religion&lt;/a&gt; project at the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, welcomes applications for a short-term Digital Stories Fellowship. The Digital Stories Fellow will work from the Pandemic Religion database to create, compose, and/or curate original material for the &lt;a href="https://religioninplace.org/blog/digital-stories/"&gt;Digital Stories platform&lt;/a&gt;. The fellowship carries an award of up to $1,500.
&lt;a href="https://religioninplace.org/blog/digital-stories/"&gt;Digital Stories&lt;/a&gt; prioritizes the study and practice of visual, aural, multimodal, and other embodied storytelling techniques, particularly as they are shaped, transformed, or confronted by digital life and cultures. Preferred contributions include visual essays, short documentaries, soundtracks or podcasts, data visualizations, digital exhibits, multimediated content, and short essays, among other possible modes of public scholarship. The Digital Stories fellow will have expertise in religion, theology, American studies, performance studies, visual studies, or related fields or professions and will contribute a series of original entries to the site during the funding period.
This fellowship is expected to begin immediately and be completed by December 31, 2020.
To apply, please submit a letter of interest (1–2 pages), current CV or resume, and brief writing or multimedia sample (links to digital content are encouraged).
Please submit fellowship application materials or general queries to LRDA Administrator Dr. Samantha Arten at &lt;a href="mailto:livedreligion@slu.edu"&gt;livedreligion@slu.edu&lt;/a&gt;. Applicants may also apply &lt;a href="https://forms.gle/P9z25qXoGHc7AZCW6"&gt;through this form&lt;/a&gt;. Applications received by June 15 will receive full consideration.
In addition to this fellowship, Digital Stories welcomes contributions on a rolling basis. Please contact Digital Stories Editor, Dr. Adam Park (&lt;a href="mailto:adam.park@slu.edu"&gt;adam.park@slu.edu&lt;/a&gt;) for questions and submissions.
&lt;a href="Pandemic-Religion-Digital-Stories-Fellowship-Call.pdf"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Download this CFP as a PDF.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>ACLS Digital Extension Grant for World History Commons</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/acls-digital-extension-grant-for-world-history-commons/</link><pubDate>Wed, 03 Jun 2020 17:00:02 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/acls-digital-extension-grant-for-world-history-commons/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href="https://www.acls.org/home"&gt;American Council for Learned Societies&lt;/a&gt; has awarded our World History Commons project a &lt;a href="https://www.acls.org/Recent-Awardees/ACLS-Digital-Extension-Grants"&gt;digital extension grant&lt;/a&gt;. &amp;ldquo;&lt;em&gt;Expanding the Commons: Supporting Emerging World History Scholars and Community Colleges through the World History Commons OER.&lt;/em&gt;&amp;rdquo; This grant will extend the reach and impact of &lt;a href="https://worldhistorycommons.org/"&gt;World History Commons&lt;/a&gt;, which provides valuable resources to teachers, students, and researchers, including scholarly essays, teaching materials, historical thinking strategies, and curated primary sources. &lt;em&gt;Expanding the Commons&lt;/em&gt; expands on the current project in two key ways. The first is by recruiting early career scholars to write new scholarly essays and incorporating their cutting-edge historical research into the project.  The second is by partnering with experienced community college faculty to connect World History Commons to the community college curriculum and to promote its use among community college world history teachers and students, increasing both access and visibility. Led by former &lt;a href="https://rrchnm.org/author/kelly-schrum/"&gt;Kelly Schrum&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://rrchnm.org/author/nathan-sleeter/"&gt;Nate Sleeter&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="https://rrchnm.org/author/jessica-otis/"&gt;Jessica Otis&lt;/a&gt;, this project will provide a valuable resource to world history educators for many years to come.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>RRCHNM Joins Nonprofit Finance Fund Cohort</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-joins-nonprofit-finance-fund-cohort/</link><pubDate>Tue, 19 May 2020 13:40:48 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-joins-nonprofit-finance-fund-cohort/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;We are pleased to announce that the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media has been selected to join an &lt;a href="https://mellon.org/"&gt;Andrew W. Mellon Foundation&lt;/a&gt;-funded cohort of six digital humanities organizations in a three-year initiative focused on building financial resilience in the digital humanities. This initiative, managed by the &lt;a href="https://nff.org/"&gt;Nonprofit Finance Fund&lt;/a&gt;, will be structured around helping all six DH organizations become more adaptable and financially resilient while staying true to our individual  missions. Since our founding in 1994, RRCHNM has been committed to open access and open source, but these commitments make it challenging to create a business model that provides sufficient resilience in a rapidly changing world. Through the support of this project, we look forward to finding new ways to continue our mission of democratizing access to historical information while also strengthening our financial model and becoming a more adaptable organization. We are also very excited to be part of a cohort that includes the &lt;a href="https://www.hathitrust.org/"&gt;Hathi Trust&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://hbculibraries.org/"&gt;HBCU Library Alliance&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://hcommons.org/"&gt;Humanities Commons&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://rhizome.org/"&gt;Rhizome&lt;/a&gt;, and the &lt;a href="https://www.saada.org/"&gt;South Asian American Digital Archive&lt;/a&gt;. The best ideas in the world come from collaborations among diverse groups of people who bring new ideas and perspectives to the table. We couldn&amp;rsquo;t be happier about being part of this cohort of such excellent organizations.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>RRCHNM to Create Classroom Simulations on History of Diplomacy</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-to-create-classroom-simulations-on-history-of-diplomacy/</link><pubDate>Wed, 06 May 2020 11:00:16 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-to-create-classroom-simulations-on-history-of-diplomacy/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;RRCHNM is excited to announce a new project with the National Museum of American Diplomacy (NMAD) made possible by generous funding from the Una Chapman Cox Foundation. This project will create three classroom simulations based on significant events in the history of U.S. diplomacy that teachers in high school and post-secondary can use with their students. These simulations will build on the success of &lt;a href="ttps://diplomacy.state.gov/discover-diplomacy/about/"&gt;diplomatic simulations&lt;/a&gt; previously developed by the NMAD and RRCHNM which explored present-day foreign affairs topics such as peacebuilding, wildlife trafficking, and crisis in the oceans, among others. The historical diplomatic simulations to be developed as a part of this project will include primary sources, interviews with historians to provide context, and an easy-to-follow guide for implementing the simulations with students. The project will conclude in January of 2022. The NMAD is dedicated to telling the story of the history, practice, and challenges of American diplomacy at the U.S. Department of State and also receives support from the Diplomacy Center Foundation.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Pandemic Religion Project to Document Changes in American Religion</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/pandemic-religion-to-document-changes-in-american-religion/</link><pubDate>Mon, 20 Apr 2020 12:56:14 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/pandemic-religion-to-document-changes-in-american-religion/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;As the world undergoes wrenching changes—some temporary, some permanent—in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, religious communities in the United States have also been deeply affected. Many have hastily moved services online: a change which has been influenced by the hugely varying liturgical, theological, legal, and financial resources available to different groups. Of course a few religious groups have made it into the news by challenging government-mandated shutdowns. Some people are attending online services at communities that are not local and of which they are not members, perhaps to share an experience with family from whom they are distant. Others are finding their religious community in relatively new forms, such as Facebook groups. As the pandemic more seriously affects older people, religious communities have grappled with their ministry to the elderly and to the sick. The pandemic has disproportionately killed racial minorities and left them disproportionately unemployed: Black religious traditions are &lt;a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2020/04/19/church-of-god-in-christ-pentecostal-coronavirus-kills-bishops/"&gt;no exception&lt;/a&gt;. These changes have happened at the same time that Jews have celebrated Passover, Christians have celebrated Easter, and right before Muslims celebrate Ramadan.
To document these changes, today the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media is launching &lt;a href="https://pandemicreligion.org/"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pandemic Religion: A Digital Archive&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. This project will collect and preserves experiences and responses from individuals and religious communities during the COVID-19 pandemic.



 

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We invite contributions from people of any religious tradition, community, or perspective. We encourage contributions either from your &lt;a href="https://pandemicreligion.org/s/contributions/page/contribute-personal"&gt;individual perspective&lt;/a&gt;, or documenting what is happening in your &lt;a href="https://pandemicreligion.org/s/contributions/page/contribute-community"&gt;religious community&lt;/a&gt;. We hope you will contribute items like these:&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>RRCHNM and Covid-19</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-and-covid-19/</link><pubDate>Tue, 14 Apr 2020 15:00:26 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/rrchnm-and-covid-19/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Like every other organization everywhere in the world, here at RRCHNM we are feeling our way forward during this year of the Covid-19 virus. George Mason University is closed and we&amp;rsquo;ve been booted from our offices, so we have moved to 100% remote work. Between the various virtual connections we have &amp;ndash; Basecamp, Slack, WebEx, Zoom, email, and good old-fashioned phone calls &amp;ndash; we&amp;rsquo;ve managed to say connected and we continue to work on our many digital projects.
I would be lying if I said that this transition has been seamless or easy for us. Each of us feels the stresses of this moment in different ways and at different times &amp;ndash; sometimes several different ways on the same day. We&amp;rsquo;re finding new locations in our homes where we can work, figuring out how to balance our own health with the needs of those we love, and trying to get used to never seeing one another except as little faces on a Brady Bunch style screen. None of us is old enough to have lived through a moment like this one, so we are creating new benchmarks on a daily basis. A few of us report being just as productive as ever, others less so.  For now, what we can do is what we can do.
We are very thankful that our various external partners have been so flexible with their expectations of us and have been willing to accept adjusted work plans and in some cases to extend funding windows. Without that flexibility, we&amp;rsquo;d really be struggling. With expectations adjusted, we are on schedule and on budget.
In addition to keeping up with our existing work, we have our own responses to the Covid crisis. The first of those is that we are in the process of standing up a new collecting history project in the vein of past projects like the &lt;a href="https://911digitalarchive.org/"&gt;September 11 Digital Archive&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://hurricanearchive.org/"&gt;Hurricane Digital Memory Bank&lt;/a&gt;. The &amp;ldquo;Pandemic Religion&amp;rdquo; project will collect, preserve, and contextualize the major changes happening to American religious congregations and institutions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and grows out of the &lt;a href="https://religiousecologies.org/"&gt;prior work in religious history&lt;/a&gt; by RRCHNM Director &lt;a href="https://lincolnmullen.com/"&gt;Lincoln Mullen&lt;/a&gt; and our partner in crime, &lt;a href="https://religious.gmu.edu/people/jturne17"&gt;Prof. John Turner&lt;/a&gt; from Mason&amp;rsquo;s Department of Religious Studies.
We are also pleased to be providing back end support to the &lt;a href="https://covid19.omeka.net/"&gt;Covid-19 Archive&lt;/a&gt; project at Arizona State University. RRCHNM is assisting this excellent project with site planning, site hosting, and general project support as it gets off the ground and we are very happy to be collaborating with &lt;a href="https://isearch.asu.edu/profile/2208788"&gt;Mark Tebeau&lt;/a&gt; and his team.
Finally, we are working hard to support K-12 and college teachers with the &lt;a href="https://rrchnm.org/category/projects/content/teaching-resources/#projects"&gt;many educational projects&lt;/a&gt; we have created over the years. Making history education resources available for free to a broad audience was how RRCHNM started 25 years ago. Who knew how important that mission would be today when students can only access learning resources online?
When the new year began none of us could have predicted a moment like this. We&amp;rsquo;re happy to be doing our part to help collect and preserve the history of this moment and to help teachers, students, and parents navigate a new world of online only learning.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>RRCHNM Partners with Shapell Manuscript Foundation to Develop Teaching Materials</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/blog/igorj2.sg-host-partners-with-shapell-manuscript-foundation-to-develop-teaching-materials/</link><pubDate>Mon, 02 Mar 2020 15:47:50 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/blog/igorj2.sg-host-partners-with-shapell-manuscript-foundation-to-develop-teaching-materials/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;RRCHNM is excited to announce an agreement with the Shapell Manuscript Foundation (SMF) to develop education materials that will make use of the Foundation’s rich and engaging digital collection. RRCHNM will create four teaching modules for secondary school teachers that will be hosted on the &lt;a href="https://www.shapell.org/"&gt;Shapell Manuscript Foundation website&lt;/a&gt;. Each module will feature teaching strategies including differentiation for diverse learners, a sample lesson plan, ideas for assessment, a Document-Based Question activity for AP courses, the national history standards met by each module, and links to related SMF resources. The Shapell Manuscript Foundation features an impressive collection of primary sources related to United States presidential history, the history of Israel and the Holy Land, as well as rare letters from prominent figures in American literature including Mark Twain and Herman Melville. The modules should be available for teachers by the end of the year.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Digital Community Engagement: Partnering Communities with the Academy</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/digital-community-engagement/</link><pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/digital-community-engagement/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Digits: Two Reports on New Units of Scholarly Publication</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/digits-two-reports-new-units-scholarly-publication/</link><pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/digits-two-reports-new-units-scholarly-publication/</guid><description/></item><item><title>A Braided Narrative for Digital History</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/a-braided-narrative-for-digital-history/</link><pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2019 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/a-braided-narrative-for-digital-history/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Digital Humanities</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/digital-humanities-oxford-handbook-law/</link><pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2019 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/digital-humanities-oxford-handbook-law/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Reflective of my best work: Promoting inquiry-based learning in a hybrid graduate history course</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/reflective-of-my-best-work-inquiry-based-learning/</link><pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2019 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/reflective-of-my-best-work-inquiry-based-learning/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Teaching Hidden History: A Case Study of Dialogic Scaffolding in a Hybrid Graduate Course</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/teaching-hidden-history-dialogic-scaffolding/</link><pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2019 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/teaching-hidden-history-dialogic-scaffolding/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Packaging Data Analytical Work Reproducibly using R (and Friends)</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/packaging-data-analytical-work-reproducibly-using-r/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/packaging-data-analytical-work-reproducibly-using-r/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Teaching Hidden History: Student Outcomes from a Distributed, Collaborative, Hybrid History Course</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/teaching-hidden-history-student-outcomes/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/teaching-hidden-history-student-outcomes/</guid><description/></item><item><title>The Spine of American Law: Digital Text Analysis and U.S. Legal Practice</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/spine-of-american-law-digital-text-analysis/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/spine-of-american-law-digital-text-analysis/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Digital History and Argument</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/digital-history-and-argument-white-paper/</link><pubDate>Mon, 13 Nov 2017 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/digital-history-and-argument-white-paper/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Helping Students Make History: Community Engaged Learning</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/helping-students-make-history-community-engaged-learning/</link><pubDate>Thu, 25 May 2017 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/helping-students-make-history-community-engaged-learning/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;This article was &lt;a href="https://public-history-weekly.degruyter.com/5-2017-20/students-history-community-engaged-learning/"&gt;originally published in &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Public History Weekly&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and is reprinted here with permission.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3 id="historical-study-and-self-discovery"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Historical Study and Self-discovery&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the United States, those of us who teach history are often guilty of forgetting the lessons of Goethe&amp;rsquo;s &lt;em&gt;Wilhelm Meister&lt;/em&gt;, even if our students haven&amp;rsquo;t. Too often, we plan our curricula based on two reasonable assumptions. The first is that our students come to the study of history with a series of content or methodological questions centered on &lt;em&gt;what&lt;/em&gt; they will learn and &lt;em&gt;how&lt;/em&gt; they will learn it. The second of our formative assumptions is that our students are very outcome oriented, particularly with respect to finding a job after completing their degree.&lt;sup id="fnref:1"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:1" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; But too often we forget that our students also have enrolled in university to better understand &lt;em&gt;who they will&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;become&lt;/em&gt; as a result of what they learn. Public history offers our students a unique opportunity to investigate the content of the past, to explore the methodological toolkits of the professional historian, to prepare themselves for post-university careers, &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; to think carefully and deeply about the person they are and the person they are becoming as they learn about the past.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Bibles and Tracts in Print Culture and Digital Culture</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/bibles-and-tracts-in-print-culture-and-digital/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/bibles-and-tracts-in-print-culture-and-digital/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Scholars as Students: Introductory Digital History Training for Mid-Career Historians</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/scholars-as-students-introductory-digital-history-training-for-mid-career-historians/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 03:55:01 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/scholars-as-students-introductory-digital-history-training-for-mid-career-historians/</guid><description>&lt;h2 id="overview"&gt;Overview&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mid-career college and university faculty generally have achieved a significant level of expertise in their field of study. At the same time, research suggests that experts may not be so clear about every step of the cognitive work they undertake to attack a new research question or problem. In fact, the more expert an individual is, the less easy it is for that person to surface their process and articulate it for someone else. Only by being consciously pushed to consider, reconsider, and articulate these methodological assumptions, can we open a flexible space for new approaches that can complicate and compliment existing habits of mind.
Together, these ideas make up some of the underlying approach that the team at the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (RRCHNM) at George Mason University (Mason) took to design and in conducting the Doing Digital History (Doing DH) two-week intensive summer institute for mid-career American historians. Funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) Office of Digital Humanities as an Institute for Advanced Topics in the Digital Humanities in August 2014 and under the direction of Sharon M. Leon and Sheila A. Brennan, the effort brought together twenty-three mid-career digital novices to learn the theories and methods of digital history. Experts in their field of American history, these novices in digital methodologies were nervous, unsure of their own abilities, and intimidated by digital history. They all left as confident digital ambassadors with new skills, insights, and motivation to pursue digital work and become active participants in the growing community of digital humanists.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>An Introduction to U.S. History Research Online</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/an-introduction-to-u-s-history-research-online/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 03:53:16 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/an-introduction-to-u-s-history-research-online/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Please see the below link to a PDF file for the article.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://chnm.gmu.edu/resources/essays/files/history_matters_intro.pdf"&gt;An Introduction to U.S. History Research Online&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>An Introduction to World History Research Online</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/an-introduction-to-world-history-research-online/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 03:51:24 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/an-introduction-to-world-history-research-online/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Please see the below link to a PDF file for the article.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://chnm.gmu.edu/resources/essays/files/world_history_matters_intro.pdf"&gt;An Introduction to World History Research Online&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Why Collecting History Online is Web 1.5</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/why-collecting-history-online-is-web-1-5/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 03:49:26 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/why-collecting-history-online-is-web-1-5/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;It seems like only yesterday that we were transitioning from the first-generation, read-only web to the &amp;ldquo;read-write web&amp;rdquo; of Web 2.0, that fosters community and collaboration where users participate in online content creation. But does Tim O&amp;rsquo;Reilly&amp;rsquo;s idea of Web 2.0 really work for the collecting and preserving of history online? [^1] Not really. We, as digital humanists, however, are comfortable with that.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Now it is very common for websites from media outlets to museums to ask for input, comments, or stories from online visitors, but back in 1998 when the Center for History and New Media (CHNM) at George Mason University first engaged in collecting and preserving history online, such practices were new. The Blackout History Project (&lt;a href="http://blackout.gmu.edu/"&gt;http://blackout.gmu.edu/&lt;/a&gt;), 1998, invited visitors to complete a lengthy on-line survey and asked contributors to provide a phone number so that a longer oral history interview could be conducted on the Northeastern blackouts in 1965 and 1977. Blackout offers a good example how a few historians were transitioning from traditional oral history to digital collection methods before the term &amp;ldquo;Web 2.0&amp;rdquo; was a glint in O&amp;rsquo;Reilly&amp;rsquo;s eyes.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Entering the Virtual World of Underwater Archaeology</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/entering-the-virtual-world-of-underwater-archaeology/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 03:41:41 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/entering-the-virtual-world-of-underwater-archaeology/</guid><description>&lt;h2 id="introduction"&gt;Introduction&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Traditional public access to underwater archaeological resources has been limited by a variety of factors. The environment of submerged cultural resources restricts public access to those who are trained and competent to function underwater. Those certified to dive represent a very limited percentage of the American public. While museums, television programs, and publications reach a much larger and broader spectrum of the population, even those avenues have limitations. Today the internet provides unlimited access to the American public and offers an exciting opportunity to bring the world of underwater archaeology to virtually every element of our society. With the technology that exists today and that which will be available tomorrow, the non-diving public can be brought into the virtual world of underwater archaeological research.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Sending Your Courses into the Blogosphere: An Introduction for "Old People"</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/sending-your-courses-into-the-blogosphere-an-introduction-for-old-people/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 03:39:17 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/sending-your-courses-into-the-blogosphere-an-introduction-for-old-people/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Not long ago, one of our graduate students at George Mason University gave me some bad news. During a conversation with undergraduates in a class she teaches, a student told her that email was &amp;ldquo;just a way to stay in touch with old people.&amp;rdquo; The other students in the room agreed–you know…old people…like professors.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ouch.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I decided to ask students in one of my freshman survey courses whether they felt the same way about email. Alas, they too reported that most of them generally used email only to communicate with their parents, grandparents, and professors. I asked them how they stayed in touch with each other. Not surprisingly, they said that they relied on cell phones and text messaging. But more than half of the students also said that they regularly communicated by using &amp;ldquo;blogs.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>The Role of Technology in World History Teaching</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/the-role-of-technology-in-world-history-teaching/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 03:31:43 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/the-role-of-technology-in-world-history-teaching/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;When we think about the role of digital media in the teaching and learning of World History it is appropriate to begin with some historical context. The challenges inherent in teaching a broad historical survey course have been well recognized and debated for more than a century at least. In a report issued by the American Historical Association in 1906 on the first year college history course, Charles Homer Haskins wrote, &amp;ldquo;The most difficult question which now confronts the college teacher in history seems, by general agreement, to be the first year of the college course.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:1"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:1" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; All of us who teach (or have taught) introductory survey courses know that few truer words have ever been written. How one presents hundreds or even thousands of years of factual content, while at the same introducing students to historians&amp;rsquo; many methodological approaches to the interpretation of these facts is difficult enough in a survey of the history of one state or national culture. Instead of trying to make the problem more manageable, we have made the task more difficult for ourselves by broadening or focus to include the entire world.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Ways of Seeing: Evidence and Learning in the History Classroom</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/ways-of-seeing-evidence-and-learning-in-the-history-classroom/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 03:23:47 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/ways-of-seeing-evidence-and-learning-in-the-history-classroom/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;This article is a collaborative essay by five historians who have worked together since 2000 on the Visible Knowledge Project (VKP): Michael Coventry of Georgetown University; Peter Felten of Elon University; David Jaffee of the City College of New York and the Graduate Center, City University of New York; Cecilia O&amp;rsquo;Leary of California State University, Monterey Bay; and Tracey Weis of Millersville University. Directed by Randy Bass of Georgetown University and co-directed by Bret Eynon of LaGuardia Community College, the VKP &amp;ldquo;aims to improve the quality of college and university teaching through a focus on both student learning and faculty development in technology-enhanced environments.&amp;rdquo; In the original published article, Gary J. Kornblith and Carol Lasser noted, &amp;ldquo;As the authors explain, questions of teaching and learning quickly became central to their thinking about how to engage their students in using visuals and new media to develop a sophisticated approach to history. Bringing new forms of evidence and analysis into their history classrooms helped them not only to promote the cognitive processes they sought to foster in novice learners but also to understand better the methods we use as historians in our research and writing for others in the profession. We expect that JAH readers, whether novice, skeptic, or expert in the scholarship of teaching and learning, will find these reports from the field stimulating and provocative as they seek to convey more effectively to their students, and to the larger public of which they are a part, what it is we do when we do American history.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:1"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:1" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/can-history-be-open-source-wikipedia-and-the-future-of-the-past/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 03:18:54 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/can-history-be-open-source-wikipedia-and-the-future-of-the-past/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;History is a deeply individualistic craft. The singly authored work is the standard for the profession; only about 6 percent of the more than 32,000 scholarly works indexed since 2000 in this journal&amp;rsquo;s comprehensive bibliographic guide, &amp;ldquo;Recent Scholarship,&amp;rdquo; have more than one author. Works with several authors—common in the sciences—are even harder to find. Fewer than 500 (less than 2 percent) have three or more authors.&lt;sup id="fnref:1"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:1" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Historical scholarship is also characterized by &lt;em&gt;possessive&lt;/em&gt; individualism. Good professional practice (and avoiding charges of plagiarism) requires us to attribute ideas and words to specific historians—we are taught to speak of &amp;ldquo;Richard Hofstadter&amp;rsquo;s status anxiety interpretation of Progressivism.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:2"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:2" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; And if we use more than a limited number of words from Hofstadter, we need to send a check to his estate. To mingle Hofstadter&amp;rsquo;s prose with your own and publish it would violate both copyright and professional norms.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Evolution, Intelligent Design, Climate Change, and the Scholarly Ecosystem</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/evolution-intelligent-design-climate-change-and-the-scholarly-ecosystem/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 03:16:59 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/evolution-intelligent-design-climate-change-and-the-scholarly-ecosystem/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;I&amp;rsquo;d like to thank Dane and the organizing committee for the invitation to speak to you today. It&amp;rsquo;s a rare treat to be able to address such a large audience of engaged participants in scholarly communications.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Part of my job, as keynote speaker, is to be a little irreverant, a little amusing, a little thought-provoking, and a little context-setting. As the title of this talk suggests, I hope there&amp;rsquo;s enough of all of these to go around.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>From Babel to Knowledge: Data Mining Large Digital Collections</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/from-babel-to-knowledge-data-mining-large-digital-collections/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 03:14:23 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/from-babel-to-knowledge-data-mining-large-digital-collections/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;In Jorge Luis Borges&amp;rsquo;s curious short story &lt;em&gt;The Library of Babel&lt;/em&gt;, the narrator describes an endless collection of books stored from floor to ceiling in a labyrinth of countless hexagonal rooms. The pages of the library&amp;rsquo;s books seem to contain random sequences of letters and spaces; occasionally a few intelligible words emerge in the sea of paper and ink. Nevertheless, readers diligently, and exasperatingly, scan the shelves for coherent passages. The narrator himself has wandered numerous rooms in search of enlightenment, but with resignation he simply awaits his death and burial - which Borges explains (with signature dark humor) consists of being tossed unceremoniously over the library&amp;rsquo;s banister.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>The Future of Preserving the Past</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/the-future-of-preserving-the-past/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 03:11:09 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/the-future-of-preserving-the-past/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Consider the effort expended to save a rich and representative historical record of perhaps the two most tragic days in American history in the past century: December 7, 1941, and September 11, 2001. The National Archives preserved military photographs of the chaos at Pearl Harbor on December 7 as well as communications and damage assessments. The Office of Naval Records and Library recorded the names of those who died or were wounded. Meanwhile, other government branches and institutions undertook more wide-ranging preservation activities. The Library of Congress acquired the annotated typescript of the National Broadcasting Corporation&amp;rsquo;s breaking news account. In addition to saving military records, the National Archives catalogued the reactions of government officials in public announcements and private correspondence. The National Park Service administers the &lt;em&gt;USS Arizona&lt;/em&gt; Memorial of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii to preserve the underwater remains of the ship, while providing visitors a sense of the day&amp;rsquo;s events and repercussions.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>No Computer Left Behind</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/no-computer-left-behind/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 03:09:17 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/no-computer-left-behind/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&amp;ldquo;I hate Scantron,&amp;rdquo; one exasperated high-school student wrote on an online bulletin board earlier this year, referring to the ubiquitous multiple-choice forms covered with ovals, named for the corporation that has manufactured them since 1972. An older student replied: &amp;ldquo;Get used to seeing them. Colleges are all about Scantrons.&amp;rdquo; Noting that it can take 30 minutes to grade an essay question, the older student explained, &amp;ldquo;That&amp;rsquo;s why most instructors use Scantron, or at least multiple choice, for most of their tests.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Web of lies? Historical knowledge on the Internet</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/web-of-lies-historical-knowledge-on-the-internet/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 03:06:27 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/web-of-lies-historical-knowledge-on-the-internet/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abstract:&lt;/strong&gt; Scholars in history (as well as other fields in the humanities) have generally taken a dim view of the state of knowledge on the Web, pointing to the many inaccuracies on Web pages written by amateurs. A new software agent called H-Bot scans the Web for historical facts, and shows how the Web may indeed include many such inaccuracies–while at the same time being extremely accurate when assessed as a whole through statistical means that are alien to the discipline of history. These mathematical methods and other algorithms drawn from the computational sciences also suggest new techniques for historical research and new approaches to teaching history in an age in which an increasingly significant portion of the past has been digitized.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Using Technology, Making History: A Collaborative Experiment in Interdisciplinary Teaching and Scholarship</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/using-technology-making-history-a-collaborative-experiment-in-interdisciplinary-eaching-and-scholarship/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 03:03:12 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/using-technology-making-history-a-collaborative-experiment-in-interdisciplinary-eaching-and-scholarship/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Since the summer of 2002, the three of us at Northwestern–a historian
(Carl Smith), a computer scientist (Brian Dennis) and a learning technologies software architect (Jonathan Smith)–have been involved in a multidimensional effort that combines history and computing. Our aims are both pedagogical and scholarly. We wish to bring together computer science and humanities majors in a class where they can consider how their interests relate to each other and might be combined on the Web. On one hand, we want historians to explore how working with computer scientists as full intellectual and creative partners might offer them valuable new means of conceptualizing, researching and publishing their historical scholarship, and of expanding the ways in which their readers make use of that scholarship. On the other, we want computer scientists to consider how their knowledge and skills might be applied to the kind of qualitative analysis involved in historical thinking. We do not wish to talk about all this in the abstract, but want to join with students in both disciplines to &amp;lsquo;make&amp;rsquo; something, i.e. to direct our collective energies towards the creation of an actual online historical project.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>'Scholars will soon be instructed through the eye': E-Supplements and the Teaching of U.S. History</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/scholars-will-soon-be-instructed-through-the-eye-e-supplements-and-the-teaching-of-u-s-history/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 02:39:07 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/scholars-will-soon-be-instructed-through-the-eye-e-supplements-and-the-teaching-of-u-s-history/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;A visit to the book exhibit at the 2002 annual meeting of the Organization of American Historians left me thinking that I had stumbled upon a CompUSA store rather than a gathering of professional historians. Strolling through the aisles I found a multitude of high-tech equipment, including flat-panel monitors, digital projectors, and laptop computers. What was going on? Publishers had their rows of new monographs and their displays of colorfully covered U.S. history texts, of course–staples of exhibits for decades–but they also featured numerous CD-ROMs and online resources. Some of the exhibited items were historical databases for research purposes, such as The &lt;em&gt;Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade&lt;/em&gt; CD-ROM published by Cambridge University Press and Harvard University&amp;rsquo;s W. E. B. Du Bois Center, but the bulk of digital resources on display were for teachers, especially teachers of the U.S. history survey course. Are we witnessing a transformative moment in the history of textbook publishing, as many champions of educational technology would have us believe? Or is something less far-reaching and more problematic perhaps at hand? What does the entry of digital history into the college classroom portend for how we teach and for how students learn?&lt;sup id="fnref:1"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:1" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>History and the Second Decade of the Web</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/history-and-the-second-decade-of-the-web/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 02:36:34 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/history-and-the-second-decade-of-the-web/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;With the World Wide Web now in its second decade of existence, and with the euphoria of the dot-com era now well behind us, it is a good time to reflect on what historians have been able to do in this still immature medium and how in the next decade of its existence we can better make use of it. Generally a conservative bunch in terms of the adoption of new technology (if not in political inclination), historians have, mostly for better but surely on occasion for worse, incorporated the medium into their work over the past ten years. For the most part using the web–it seems appropriate in our post-bubble sobriety to drop the grandiose alliterative phrase as well as the capitalization–has meant the posting of materials for courses, exhibitions, independent work and collaborations, as well as the communication of news and views from all corners of the discipline. Websites have flourished on almost every conceivable historical topic, created by historians from within and beyond the academy.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>By the Book: Assessing the Place of Textbooks in U.S. Survey Courses</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/by-the-book-assessing-the-place-of-textbooks-in-u-s-survey-courses/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 02:34:18 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/by-the-book-assessing-the-place-of-textbooks-in-u-s-survey-courses/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;In a round table published in the &lt;em&gt;Journal of American History&lt;/em&gt; four years ago, professors from ten different colleges and universities spoke of the thoughtful, creative ways they approached the design of their American history survey courses. Most suggested that the textbook was of secondary importance, mainly used to supply background information to students, and they highlighted the pedagogical role of additional readings. Yet a study of nearly eight hundred syllabi posted on the World Wide Web reveals that the round table discussion may not be representative of how the survey is taught at most colleges and universities in the United States. Many U.S. history instructors appear to take a more pedestrian, by-the-book approach. They depend heavily on a textbook, on a textbook-based course&amp;rsquo;s favorite type of graded work–the examination–and on the conventional ways of teaching American history that a textbook enshrines. Those findings lend a dark tone to the proclamation that Sara Evans and Roy Rosenzweig made in introducing the &amp;ldquo;Textbooks and Teaching&amp;rdquo; section of this journal in 1992: &amp;ldquo;Textbooks are the single most important written source through which college students learn about the past.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:1"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:1" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Digital Archives Are a Gift of Wisdom to Be Used Wisely</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/digital-archives-are-a-gift-of-wisdom-to-be-used-wisely/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 02:30:53 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/digital-archives-are-a-gift-of-wisdom-to-be-used-wisely/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&amp;ldquo;What&amp;rsquo;s the big deal?&amp;rdquo; was the grumpy question of a fellow participant in a workshop at the Library of Congress in the summer of 1996. The library was showing off its still very new digital archive, which it had dubbed American Memory. The workshop aimed to show how the Web-based repository of photographs, documents, newspapers, films, maps, and sounds could transform teaching. My colleague, who taught at a major research university, was unpersuaded. &amp;ldquo;I&amp;rsquo;d rather send students to the library,&amp;rdquo; he announced.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Gutenberg-e: Electronic Entry to the Historical Professoriate</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/gutenberg-e-electronic-entry-to-the-historical-professoriate/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 02:27:35 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/gutenberg-e-electronic-entry-to-the-historical-professoriate/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;The Gutenberg-e project, publishing revisions of prize-winning dissertations as electronic books, has released eleven works as of this writing. Even in a world of widespread experimentation with electronic publishing, this collaboration of Columbia University Press and the American Historical Association (AHA) is a distinctive initiative because it combines electronic access with attention to outstanding junior scholars.&lt;sup id="fnref:1"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:1" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; With over a third of the projected works now online, it has become feasible to assess the program&amp;rsquo;s relative strength and promise. This essay reviews the e-books and the project that has produced them. The effort of Gutenberg-e to update the form of first books in history, itself a big step, ends up revealing dilemmas as much as generating progress in the discipline of history. One dilemma lies in setting the balance in historical publication among print and electronic works, books and articles, monographs and syntheses. A second dilemma poses the question of whether graduate education should prepare new historians to focus on field-specific monographic research or on a wider range of professional responsibilities. Thus the books and the project mark an important turning point, though not a definitive step forward, for the discipline of history. The e-books themselves provide an intriguing sample of work by scholars entering the historical profession and thereby provoke reflection going beyond the works themselves. The very task of reviewing eleven works in four distinct fields of history stretches the usual standards for review: it leads the reviewer to consider questions within the various fields of history but also questions on interpreting modern history as a whole.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>American Digital History</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/american-digital-history/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 02:25:59 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/american-digital-history/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;U.S. History and Computing have had a long history of partnership in teaching and research. There currently is a deep divide among historians on the direction this partnership will take in the future. Will the partnership revolutionize the ways in which history is taught and researched or will it simply offer additional tools to improve traditional practices? In either case, future success depends on history scholars taking an active role in the partnership. With active and involved historians, great ideas such as digital libraries and online educational materials can be developed into workable and effective teaching and research tools. However, historians must take the initiative. A pioneering group of historians have laid the groundwork, now the profession must embrace this work and move forward or it will be done for us by those who are not historians.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>History and the Web, From the Illustrated Newspaper to Cyberspace: Visual Technologies and Interaction in the Nineteenth and Twenty-First Centuries</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/history-and-the-web-from-the-illustrated-newspaper-to-cyberspace-visual-technologies-and-interaction-in-the-nineteenth-and-twenty-first-centuries/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 02:23:52 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/history-and-the-web-from-the-illustrated-newspaper-to-cyberspace-visual-technologies-and-interaction-in-the-nineteenth-and-twenty-first-centuries/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;This article is a self-critical, historically informed progress report to assess ways that different forms of visual media admit and frustrate public expression and education. Reviewing more than a decade of digital projects produced by the American Social History Project and its collaborators, I consider ways that the design of visual digital projects may provide opportunities for active learning on the part of users and a renewed dialogue between new media producers and consumers. Some of the clues to creative interactivity in the new visual media of the present may be found by referring back 150 years to the visual technol-ogies of the past.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>The Bookless Future: What the Internet is Doing to Scholarship</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/the-bookless-future-what-the-internet-is-doing-to-scholarship/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 02:21:40 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/the-bookless-future-what-the-internet-is-doing-to-scholarship/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;I.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Scenes from the Internet revolution in scholarship:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It is late at night, and I am at home, in my study, doing research for a book on the culture of war in Napoleonic Europe. In an old and dreary secondary source, I find an intriguing but fragmentary quotation from a newspaper that was briefly published in French- occupied Italy in the late 1790s. I want to read the entire article from which it came. As little as five years ago, doing this would have required a forty-mile trip from my home in Baltimore to the Library of Congress and some tedious wrestling with a microfiche machine. But now I step over to my computer, open up Internet Explorer, and click to the &amp;ldquo;digital library&amp;rdquo; of the French National Library. A few more clicks, and a facsimile copy of the newspaper issue in question is zooming out of my printer. Total time elapsed: two minutes.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Rewiring the History and Social Studies Classroom: Needs, Frameworks, Dangers, and Proposals</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/rewiring-the-history-and-social-studies-classroom-needs-frameworks-dangers-and-proposals/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 02:17:25 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/rewiring-the-history-and-social-studies-classroom-needs-frameworks-dangers-and-proposals/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Within five years of Alexander Graham Bell&amp;rsquo;s first display of his telephone at the 1876 Centennial Exposition, Scientific American promised that the new device would bring a greater &amp;ldquo;kinship of humanity&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;nothing less than a new organization of society.&amp;rdquo; Others were less sanguine, worrying that telephones would spread germs through the wires, destroy local accents, and give authoritarian governments a listening box in the homes of their subjects. The Knights of Columbus fretted that phones might wreck home life, stop people from visiting friends, and create a nation of slugs who would not stir from their desks.&lt;sup id="fnref:1"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:1" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Wizards, Bureaucrats, Warriors &amp; Hackers: Writing the History of the Internet</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/wizards-bureaucrats-warriors-hackers-writing-the-history-of-the-internet/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 00:57:36 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/wizards-bureaucrats-warriors-hackers-writing-the-history-of-the-internet/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Take a look at the standard textbooks on post-World War II America. You will search in vain through the index for references to the Internet or its predecessor, the ARPANET; even mentions of &amp;ldquo;computers&amp;rdquo; are few and far between. The gap is hardly a unique fault of these authors; after all, before 1988, the New York Times mentioned the Internet only once– in a brief aside. Still, it is a fair guess that the textbooks of the next century will devote considerable attention to the Internet and the larger changes in information and communications technology that have emerged so dramatically in recent years. Few will share &lt;em&gt;Wired&lt;/em&gt; publisher Louis Rossetto&amp;rsquo;s hyperbolic claim that the digital revolution presages &amp;ldquo;social changes so profound their only parallel is probably the discovery of fire.&lt;sup id="fnref:1"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:1" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;rdquo; But most historians will feel compelled to reckon with the Internet&amp;rsquo;s emergence as a standard feature of everyday life.
How will that history be written? Four recent works offer some clues by addressing the history of the Internet from different perspectives (biographic, bureaucratic, ideological, and social) and considering different sources for the &amp;ldquo;creation&amp;rdquo; of the internet–from inventive engineers and solid government bureaucrats to the broader social context of the Cold War or the 1960s. Although the Internet may be heralded as an entirely novel development, its historians have generally followed some well-worn paths in the history of technology. These conventional approaches are often illuminating, but the full story will only be told when we get a history that brings together biographical and institutional studies with a fully contextualized social and cultural history. The rise of the Net needs to be rooted in the 1960s–in both the &amp;ldquo;closed world&amp;rdquo; of the Cold War and the open and decentralized world of the antiwar movement and the counterculture. Understanding this dual heritage enables us to better understand current controversies over whether the Internet will be &amp;ldquo;open&amp;rdquo; or &amp;ldquo;closed&amp;rdquo;– over whether the Net will foster democratic dialogue or centralized hierarchy, community or capitalism, or some mixture of both.
&amp;ldquo;Contextualist&amp;rdquo; approaches have long dominated academic studies of the history of technology, but narratives of &amp;ldquo;great men&amp;rdquo; of science and technology remain popular, deriving their power from widespread assumptions about new ideas emerging from particular men of genius as well as from the narrative appeal of biography.&lt;sup id="fnref:2"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:2" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The title of Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon&amp;rsquo;s well-written and extensively researched work of popular history &amp;ldquo;Where the Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet,&amp;rdquo; neatly inscribes the book&amp;rsquo;s great man approach. So does the dust jacket, which promises &amp;ldquo;the fascinating story of a group of young computer whizzes … who … invented the most important communications medium since the telephone.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:3"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:3" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
Hafner and Lyon begin their tale of &amp;ldquo;origins&amp;rdquo; with Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN), the computer consulting company that had the initial contract from the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) for what became known as the ARPANET. (Founded in 1957 in the post-Sputnik panic over Soviet technological prowess, ARPA, a Defense Department unit, supported research and development in technology, particularly military-oriented systems such as ballistic missile defense.) The book&amp;rsquo;s prologue describes a reunion of ARPANET&amp;rsquo;s designers at BBN in 1994. This narrative choice and the centrality of BBN to the entire book owe a great deal to the study&amp;rsquo;s origins in a suggestion from BBN, which opened its archives to Hafner and Lyon and even helped fund the project.&lt;sup id="fnref:4"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:4" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
Having started with the contractor, Hafner and Lyon explain the source of the contract with another story. As they tell it, Bob Taylor, the head of the ARPA office that dealt with computer research (known as the Information Processing Techniques Office), faced an &amp;ldquo;irksome&amp;rdquo; problem in the winter of 1966. The room next to Taylor&amp;rsquo;s office housed three computer terminals, each connected to a mainframe running at a different site funded by ARPA. Since the different terminals used different computer systems, program languages, and operating systems, they required different login procedures and commands. &amp;ldquo;It became obvious,&amp;rdquo; Taylor later remembered, &amp;ldquo;that we ought to find a way to connect all these different machines&amp;rdquo; and, thus, share extremely expensive computer equipment. &amp;ldquo;Great idea,&amp;rdquo; his boss responded. &amp;ldquo;You&amp;rsquo;ve got a million dollars more in your budget right now. Go.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:5"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:5" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
After Taylor gained funding for his project, he turned to &amp;ldquo;a shy, deep-thinking young computer scientist … named Larry Roberts,&amp;rdquo; who was &amp;ldquo;blessed with incredible stamina&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;had a reputation for being something of a genius,&amp;rdquo; to &amp;ldquo;oversee the design and construction of the network.&amp;rdquo; In 1967, at a meeting in Ann Arbor, Wes Clark of Washington University came up with the crucial idea of making the network function by inserting a sub-network of smaller computers between the host computers and the network lines-what later came to be called Interface Message Processors, or IMPs. Riding to the airport in a cab, Clark told Roberts that only Frank Heart could build such a network at a reasonable cost. Heart, too, is a wizard: &amp;ldquo;intensely loyal&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;nurturing,&amp;rdquo; he has &amp;ldquo;prodigious energy&amp;rdquo; and the ability to make &amp;ldquo;certain that jobs he signed up for really got done.&amp;rdquo; And with his help, BBN, the Cambridge consulting company where he worked, snared the million-dollar contract to build the ARPANET. (When BBN won the contract for the Interface Message Processors, Senator Edward Kennedy sent them a famous telegram congratulating them on the &amp;ldquo;ecumenism&amp;rdquo; of their planned work on the &amp;ldquo;Interfaith Message Processor.&amp;rdquo;)&lt;sup id="fnref:6"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:6" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
But why begin with Taylor and BBN? Many popular narratives of the rise of the Internet start earlier and with a story that is more grounded in a particular historical context. A widely distributed &amp;ldquo;Brief History of the Internet&amp;rdquo; by science fiction writer Bruce Sterling opens: &amp;ldquo;Some thirty years ago, the RAND Corporation, America&amp;rsquo;s foremost Cold War think-tank, faced a strange strategic problem. How could the US authorities successfully communicate after a nuclear war?&amp;rdquo; The solution, as Sterling explains it, emerged in 1964 from the Rand Corporation and particularly from engineer Paul Baran, who imagined a network with no central authority, which &amp;ldquo;would be designed from the get-go to transcend its own unreliability.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:7"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:7" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Unlike a centralized network in which destroying the central switching point brings down the entire structure, Baran theorized that a distributed network could sustain multiple hits and keep working through alternative channels. Crucial to Baran&amp;rsquo;s distributed network was his second key innovation, using digital technology to break up messages into discrete pieces that could be sent individually and then reassembled at the end point-a feature that builds more reliability into the system and makes more effective use of communications lines than telephone circuit-switching technology. (Telephone circuits set up a dedicated line between two people through which a continuous transmission is sent; if the participants turn silent for a minute, they still continue to use the circuit. &amp;ldquo;Packet-switching networks&amp;rdquo; are much more efficient because the data are broken into smaller chunks, which can flow through multiple paths and also share the same lines with other pieces of data.) British physicist Donald Davies, who later developed some similar networking ideas, gave Baran&amp;rsquo;s &amp;ldquo;message blocks&amp;rdquo; the name &amp;ldquo;packets&amp;rdquo;-a rubric that has stuck today and is embodied in the notion of &amp;ldquo;packet-switching networks&amp;rdquo;-the core technology of the Internet.&lt;sup id="fnref:8"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:8" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
Starting with Baran instead of Taylor roots the Internet in the darkness of the Cold War rather than the bright idea of a clever engineer and emphasizes surviving (or fighting) nuclear war rather than sharing computer resources. His work, Baran later told an interviewer, &amp;ldquo;was done in response to the most dangerous situation that ever existed.&amp;rdquo; Like his contemporary at Rand, Herman Kahn (the model for &amp;ldquo;Dr. Strangelove&amp;rdquo; in the Cold War satire that appeared the same year as Baran&amp;rsquo;s report), Baran thought the unthinkable-how to carry on after a nuclear apocalypse. &amp;ldquo;If war does not mean the end of earth in a black-and-white manner,&amp;rdquo; Baran wrote, &amp;ldquo;then it follows that we should do those things that make the shade of gray as light as possible: .. . to do all those things to permit the survivors of the holocaust to shuck their ashes and reconstruct their economy swiftly.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:9"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:9" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
Hafner-and Lyon do not ignore Baran, but they downplay his significance as part of de-emphasizing the military origins of the Net even while they make clear that Baran&amp;rsquo;s ideas were crucial in the development of the ARPANET. They credit Baran with putting in some of the Internet&amp;rsquo;s &amp;ldquo;blocks&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;stones&amp;rdquo; but not with being its &amp;ldquo;architect.&amp;rdquo; Roberts himself later put Baran more in the center of things, noting that when he read Baran&amp;rsquo;s reports in 1967: &amp;ldquo;suddenly I learned how to route packets. So we talked to Paul and used all of his concepts and put together the
[APRANET] proposal.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:10"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:10" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; But the real point for Hafner and Lyon is about intentions, not credit; the ARPANET, they insist, &amp;ldquo;embodied the most peaceful intentions to link computers at scientific laboratories across the country so that researchers might share computer resources &amp;hellip; Arpanet and its progeny, the Internet, had nothing to do with supporting or surviving war-never did.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:11"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:11" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
Starting with Taylor&amp;rsquo;s effort to connect disparate computers, Hafner and Lyon weave a lively tale of the origins of the Internet. But their biographical focus slights the technical and intellectual (as well as the military) roots of the ARPANET experiment: the influence, for example, of work on time-sharing computers (machines set up so that they can be used at the same time by multiple users), small-scale computer networking projects, and the larger vision of giving people access to the world&amp;rsquo;s knowledge-a heritage that runs from Denis Diderot&amp;rsquo;s &lt;em&gt;Encyclopédie&lt;/em&gt; to H. G. Wells&amp;rsquo;s &amp;ldquo;world brain&amp;rdquo; to Vannevar Bush&amp;rsquo;s &amp;ldquo;memex&amp;rdquo; to J. C. R. Licklider&amp;rsquo;s &amp;ldquo;libraries of the future.&amp;rdquo;&amp;rsquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:12"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:12" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; By de-emphasizing the social and political contexts in which the Net was built, Hafner and Lyon tell a story that most engineers would like-a tale of adventurous young men motivated by technical curiosity and largely unaffected by larger ideological currents or even narrower motives of self-advancement or economic enrichment.
Given their interest in the engineers and in BBN, Hafner and Lyon devote most of their book to a fast-paced narrative of the design and building of the system. They excel at explicating technical matters for a non-technical audience. But their coverage trails off after they describe the first public demonstration of the ARPANET at the International Conference on Computer Communication in Washington in October 1972. Although that event established the feasibility of packet switching, success at this point was limited. No one had really figured out what the network was good for; as late as the fall of 1971, network traffic was barely 2 percent of what it could potentially handle; it was, as Hafner and Lyon nicely put it, &amp;ldquo;like a highway system without cars.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:13"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:13" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
THE BIOGRAPHIC, GREAT MAN MODEL stretches Hafner and Lyon&amp;rsquo;s literary talents, in part because the Internet lacks a central founding figure-a Thomas Edison or a Samuel F. B. Morse. It resulted more from bureaucratic teams than inspired individuals. Bureaucracy, however, rarely makes for lively reading. A bureaucrats&amp;rsquo; story unfolds with great care and mastery, though little excitement, in &lt;em&gt;Transforming Computer Technology: Information Processing for the Pentagon, 1962-1986&lt;/em&gt; by Arthur L. Norberg and Judy E. O&amp;rsquo;Neill. Just as funding, in part, explains Hafner and Lyon&amp;rsquo;s focus on BBN, so, too, does funding explain Norberg and O&amp;rsquo;Neill&amp;rsquo;s organizational focus. The book originated from a Defense Department contract to study the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), with the original idea coming from the office&amp;rsquo;s last director.&lt;sup id="fnref:14"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:14" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; That support made possible an important set of forty-five interviews, which are extensively used in this book and also in a number of other works on the development of computing, including Hafner and Lyon&amp;rsquo;s book.
Norberg and O&amp;rsquo;Neill consider not just ARPANET but all ARPA computer funding between 1962 and 1986, including that for time-sharing, graphics, and artificial intelligence as well as networking. Although their book is scholarly in tone and in its extensive research and documentation, they champion their subjects just as Hafner and Lyon do. Throughout, the authors celebrate IPTO&amp;rsquo;s &amp;ldquo;achievements,&amp;rdquo; &amp;ldquo;contributions,&amp;rdquo; &amp;ldquo;accomplishments,&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;successes.&amp;rdquo; The book also has its heroes-the bureaucrats who made everything happen. The authors devote one of the book&amp;rsquo;s six chapters to describing and praising IPTO&amp;rsquo;s &amp;ldquo;lean management structure.&amp;rdquo; The agency&amp;rsquo;s &amp;ldquo;technical accomplishments,&amp;rdquo; they write, &amp;ldquo;were shaped as much by IPT office management as they were by researchers&amp;rsquo; intentions.&amp;rdquo;&amp;rsquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:15"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:15" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
By spotlighting ARPA, Norberg and O&amp;rsquo;Neill emphasize what Hafner and Lyon sometimes obscure-the close connection of all ARPA computer funding to military concerns. Calling their concluding chapter &amp;ldquo;Serving the Department of Defense and Nation,&amp;rdquo; they celebrate rather than downplay that link. They point out, for example, that ARPA only set up the IPTO in 1962 in response to pressure from the Kennedy administration for improved military command and control systems.&lt;sup id="fnref:16"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:16" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Computers, it was widely believed, would make it possible to &amp;ldquo;control greater amounts of information and to present it in more effective ways to aid decision making.&amp;rdquo; Whereas Hafner and Lyon describe IPTO&amp;rsquo;s first director, J. C. R. Licklider, as pushing it toward basic research, Norberg and O&amp;rsquo;Neill quote him telling another military official that ARPA should only fund research that offers &amp;ldquo;a good prospect of solving problems that are of interest to the Department of Defense.&amp;rdquo;&amp;rsquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:17"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:17" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Such sentiments were hardly surprising from a man who went to work in the Pentagon the same month as the United States and Soviet Union teetered on the brink of nuclear war over missiles in Cuba.
Norberg and O&amp;rsquo;Neill also provide a more complete and complex portrait of the Internet&amp;rsquo;s ties to military concerns. They agree with Hafner and Lyon that Taylor&amp;rsquo;s &amp;lsquo;&amp;lsquo;perceived need to share resources&amp;quot; sparked his initial decision to seek funding for the ARPANET. But they also show that networking experiments grew out of IPTO&amp;rsquo;s fundamental concern with using computers to improve military command and control. Norberg and O&amp;rsquo;Neill further argue that the military origins of the ARPANET made it successful. While &amp;ldquo;incentives for networking were lacking in the [computing] community,&amp;rdquo; they &amp;ldquo;did exist in DOD [Department of Defense], where there was a need to reduce the high cost of software development, improve communications among military units while increasing computer use, [and] further develop command and control systems.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:18"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:18" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
In any case, to focus on the particular &amp;ldquo;originary&amp;rdquo; moment of Taylor&amp;rsquo;s search for initial funding is to underplay the Internet&amp;rsquo;s multiple origins. By 1972, ARPA had shown the feasibility of packet switching, but it had only created a limited and lightly used network, which also operated in a changed political climate. Starting in the late 1960s, White House and congressional pressure forced ARPA to tie its funding much more closely to military needs.&lt;sup id="fnref:19"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:19" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In response to those mandates, ARPA sought to apply directly what it had learned about packet switching to military applications, particularly through packet radio networks and packet satellites. As the additional networks as well as some early commercial networks emerged, Bob Kahn, an engineer who had moved from BBN to ARPA in 1972, and others realized that they had now replicated the problem that had vexed Taylor back in 1966: how do you connect incompatible networks-rather than just computers-to each other? (Kahn, interestingly, had a direct connection to one of the Internet&amp;rsquo;s key alternate origins; it was his cousin Herman Kahn&amp;rsquo;s works on thermonuclear war that had provided the Cold War context for Baran&amp;rsquo;s work on packet switching. )&lt;sup id="fnref:20"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:20" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
Out of this military-driven dilemma of &amp;ldquo;inter-networking&amp;rdquo; came both the concept and the name of the Internet. Kahn launched the &amp;ldquo;Internetting Project&amp;rdquo; to make it possible for &amp;ldquo;a computer that&amp;rsquo;s on a satellite net and a computer on a radio net and computer on the ARPANET to communicate uniformly with each other without realizing what&amp;rsquo;s going on in between.&amp;rdquo;&amp;rsquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:21"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:21" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In collaboration with Vinton Cerf, Kahn developed in 1974 a new and more independent packet-switching protocol-at first called Transmission Control Protocol or TCP and later TCP/IP, with IP standing for &amp;ldquo;Internet Protocol&amp;rdquo;-that would serve as a kind of lingua franca for this new Internet. It remains in use today. Not only did military funding and necessity create this standard, but also the adoption of the protocol in 1980 by the Department of Defense for its own operations gave it a crucial boost. Equally important (and surprising given the context) was the Defense Department&amp;rsquo;s public release of TCP/IP-in effect, this normally closed and secretive agency fostered a remarkably open (and hence free) standard of communication.&lt;sup id="fnref:22"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:22" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
But the ultimate triumph of TCP/IP was also-as Janet Abbate&amp;rsquo;s informative dissertation makes clear-a matter of international politics and commerce. European telecommunication companies, publicly controlled, pushed an alternative standard (x.25) that would be more compatible with their operations. A key American weapon in the &amp;ldquo;protocol wars&amp;rdquo; was Defense Department support, which grew at least in part out of the explicit design of those standards for the military. As a result, TCP/IP boosters could, as Peter Salus notes in Casting the Net, persuade &amp;ldquo;the military brass that the ARPANET protocols were reliable, available, and survivable.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:23"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:23" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The victory of TCP/IP is not unconnected to why the United States still dominates the Internet.
Norberg and O&amp;rsquo;Neill provide a thorough institutional study but offer only passing references to the larger political and economic context. They acknowledge that the &amp;ldquo;political circumstances in the world of the past three decades led the Department of Defense to demand new developments in computing that would help to increase the sophistication and speed of new military systems,&amp;rdquo; but add that &amp;ldquo;we will not discuss it in this study.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:24"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:24" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; This lack of context also contributes to their largely uncritical view of ARPA&amp;rsquo;s military mission. Despite the repeated references to military &amp;ldquo;benefits&amp;rdquo; and uses of the computer technology that ARPA funded, Norberg and O&amp;rsquo;Neill never discuss the actual use of computers on the battlefields of the Vietnam War, which was fought during the heyday of ARPA funding of computer projects.
 
ALTHOUGH PAUL EDWARDS&amp;rsquo;S The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America does not focus specifically on the Internet, it still shares many topics and sources with the Norberg and O&amp;rsquo;Neill and Hafner and Lyon books. Nevertheless, it is also their mirror opposite: whereas Norberg and O&amp;rsquo;Neill as well as Hafner and Lyon eschew context, Edwards places his story squarely within the narrative of the Cold War and emphasizes the world outside the laboratory; whereas Norberg and O&amp;rsquo;Neill celebrate (and Hafner and Lyon deny) the marriage of defense and computers, Edwards paints a forbidding portrait of their union; whereas Norberg and O&amp;rsquo;Neill and Hafner and Lyon provide straightforward (and easy to follow) institutional or biographical histories, Edwards, as a student of Donna Haraway and a graduate of the History of Consciousness program at the University of California, Santa Cruz, draws on and contributes to a large theoretical literature in cultural studies and structures his (sometimes confusing) account more as &amp;ldquo;collage than linear narrative.&amp;rdquo; Edwards departs most sharply from other works in his abandonment of the trope of &amp;ldquo;progress&amp;rdquo; that often marks writing about the history of technology.&lt;sup id="fnref:25"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:25" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
The richness and the complexity of Edwards&amp;rsquo;s sometimes brilliant account make it difficult to summarize briefly.&lt;sup id="fnref:26"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:26" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Edwards contends that the digital computer is both cause and effect of what he calls the Cold War&amp;rsquo;s &amp;ldquo;closed-world discourse, which he defines as &amp;ldquo;the language, technologies, and practices that together supported the visions of centrally controlled, automated global power at the heart of American Cold War politics.&amp;rdquo; &amp;ldquo;Computers,&amp;rdquo; he writes, &amp;ldquo;created the technological possibility of the Cold War and shaped its political atmosphere.&amp;rdquo; And, in turn, &amp;ldquo;the Cold War shaped computer technology.&amp;rdquo; Cold War politics &amp;ldquo;became embedded in the machines,&amp;rdquo; including their &amp;ldquo;technical design,&amp;rdquo; and the &amp;ldquo;machines helped make possible its politics.&amp;rdquo; In this way, Edwards goes beyond historians who argue for the &amp;ldquo;social construction&amp;rdquo; of technology and focus on how different social groups shape the development of technology. He emphasizes instead what he calls the &amp;ldquo;technological construction of social worlds.&amp;rdquo; Computers in this analysis, heavily influenced by the work of Michel Foucault, become themselves a source of power and knowledge-or in Edwards&amp;rsquo;s words, &amp;ldquo;a crucial infrastructural technology-a crucial Foucaultian support-for the Cold War closed-world discourse.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:27"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:27" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
That the Cold War, if not Cold War discourse, fostered the development of digital computers is relatively easy to show.&lt;sup id="fnref:28"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:28" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1950, for example, the federal government-overwhelmingly, its military agencies-provided 75 to 80 percent of computer development funds. Even when companies began funding their own research and development, they did so with the knowledge of a guaranteed military market. Such massive government support enabled American computer research to destroy foreign (mostly British) competition; the American hegemony In computer markets-routinely attributed to American free markets-rests on a solid base of government-subsidized military funding. &amp;ldquo;The computerization of society,&amp;rdquo; writer Frank Rose aptly observes, &amp;ldquo;has essentially been a side effect of the computerization of war.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:29"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:29" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
Such facts are relatively well known (although sometimes ignored by ideologues who depict the computer industry as the exemplar of laissez faire), but Edwards wants to make a deeper argument about the significance of military involvement in computer development. He rejects the idea that &amp;ldquo;military support for computer research was . . . benign or disinterested&amp;rdquo;-a view he attributes to historians who take &amp;ldquo;at face value the public postures of funding agencies and the reports of project leaders.&amp;rdquo; (He could be talking directly about the Hafner and Lyon and Norberg and O&amp;rsquo;Neill books, but their work appeared either after or at the same time as his book.&lt;sup id="fnref:30"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:30" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;) Rather, he argues, &amp;ldquo;practical military objectives guided technological development down particular channels, increased its speed, and helped shape the structure of the emerging computer industry.&amp;rdquo; For example, he maintains that the shift from analog to digital computing was not the result of the innate technological superiority of the latter but of the digital approach&amp;rsquo;s better correspondence with and support for the vision of centralized command and control of the closed-world discourse.&lt;sup id="fnref:31"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:31" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Unfortunately, Edwards never makes clear precisely how computing would look different today without defense funding under the shadow of the Cold War. Would we have analog computers on our desks-or none at all?
Indeed, Edwards is more interested in showing that computer technology helped create and develop the discourse of centralized command and control than in exploring how this vision actually shaped computer design. Computers, he writes, &amp;ldquo;helped create and sustain this discourse&amp;rdquo; by allowing the &amp;ldquo;practical construction of central real-time military control systems on a gigantic scale&amp;rdquo; and facilitating &amp;ldquo;the metaphorical understanding of world politics as a sort of a system subject to technological management.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:32"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:32" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
Much of this sounds and is rather abstract, but Edwards leavens the book&amp;rsquo;s relentless abstractions with a series of rich case studies and anecdotes. We learn, for example, about U.S. Air Force Operation Igloo White. Run from the Infiltration Surveillance Center in Thailand (the largest building in Southeast Asia) and costing nearly $1 billion per year between 1967 and 1972, Igloo White sought to monitor all activity across the Ho Chi Minh Trail in southern Laos, including truck noises, body heat, and the scent of human urine. When the sensors (&amp;ldquo;shaped like twigs, jungle plants, and animal droppings&amp;rdquo;) picked up signals, they appeared magically on the display terminals as &amp;ldquo;a moving white &amp;lsquo;worm&amp;rsquo; superimposed on a map grid.&amp;rdquo; Then the computers would project the &amp;ldquo;worm&amp;rsquo;s&amp;rdquo; movements and radio the coordinates to Phantom F-4 jets, whose computers would guide them to the precise map grid square; the computers back in Thailand controlled the release of the bombs. &amp;ldquo;The pilot,&amp;rdquo; observes Edwards, &amp;ldquo;might do no more than sit and watch as the invisible jungle below suddenly exploded into flames.&amp;rdquo; It was the perfect fantasy of the closed world of computerized and centralized command and control. In the apt words of one technician: &amp;ldquo;We wired the Ho Chi Minh Trail like a drugstore pinball machine, and we plug it in every night.&amp;rdquo; But the &amp;ldquo;pinballs&amp;rdquo; were smarter than the players. The Vietcong fooled the sensors with taped truck noises and bags of urine, which duly provoked massive air strikes on empty jungle corridors. These air strikes were then claimed as quantitative (and quantifiable) successes. A 1971 Senate report found that &amp;ldquo;truck kills claimed by the Air Force [in Igloo White] last year greatly exceeds the number of trucks believed by the Embassy to be in all of North Vietnam.&amp;rdquo; Even if the exaggerated claims had been true, they could only have been scored as successes in a crazy world in which it would have cost $100,000 to destroy trucks and supplies worth a few thousand dollars.&lt;sup id="fnref:33"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:33" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
Igloo White, as Edwards shows, typified computerized Cold War military operations. He devotes a chapter to the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) computerized air defense system, which cost billions of dollars and was obsolete by the time it was fully operational in 1961. But in the irrational closed world of the Cold War, SAGE actually &amp;ldquo;worked,&amp;rdquo; as Edwards argues. Computer scientists got to pursue their research; IBM Corporation built its dominance of the computer industry with the help of the massive SAGE contract. And on an ideological level, SAGE worked by &amp;ldquo;creating an impression of active defense that assuaged some of the helplessness of nuclear fear&amp;rdquo; and fostering the myth of centralized control and total defense.
Although Edwards offers little directly on the ARPANET, it is difficult to read his book and then share Hafner and Lyon&amp;rsquo;s or Norberg and O&amp;rsquo;Neill&amp;rsquo;s view of the connection between the military and the rise of the Internet as accidental or benign. One of the sharpest differences between Edwards&amp;rsquo;s account and the others is in the depiction of J. C. R. Licklider, who twice directed IPTO and whose famous 1960 paper on &amp;ldquo;man-machine symbiosis&amp;rdquo; helped shift computing from computation to communication. For both Hafner and Lyon and Norberg and O&amp;rsquo;Neill, Licklider is an almost sainted figure. &amp;ldquo;Everybody adored Licklider,&amp;rdquo; Hafner and Lyon write. &amp;ldquo;His restless, versatile genius gave rise through the years to an eclectic cult of admirers.&amp;rdquo; His &amp;ldquo;worldview,&amp;rdquo; they write, &amp;ldquo;pivoted&amp;rdquo; on the idea &amp;ldquo;that technological progress would save humanity.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:34"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:34" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;34&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
In these other accounts, particularly Hafner and Lyon&amp;rsquo;s, Licklider&amp;rsquo;s concern with &amp;ldquo;man-machine&amp;rdquo; interaction appears as largely an intellectual problem. But Edwards maintains that it grew directly out of his World War II work in Harvard&amp;rsquo;s Psycho-Acoustic Lab, which sought to reduce &amp;ldquo;noise&amp;rdquo; in battlefield communications systems. Such military concerns continued to inform Licklider&amp;rsquo;s work after the war. In his 1960 paper, for example, he explains the problem with batch processing (as opposed to real-time interactive computing) by writing: &amp;ldquo;Imagine trying &amp;hellip; to direct a battle with the aid of a computer on such a schedule as this.&amp;rdquo; Edwards thus depicts Licklider as tightly wedded to military goals, describing him as &amp;ldquo;deeply desir[ing] to contribute to new military technologies from his areas of expertise.&amp;rdquo; Writing in 1978, Licklider expressed some frustration that the World-Wide Military Command and Control System&amp;rsquo;s computers were not yet &amp;ldquo;interconnected by an electronic network&amp;rdquo; and used an operating system designed for &amp;ldquo;batch processing.&amp;rdquo; He argued that &amp;ldquo;military command and control and military communications are prime network applications&amp;rdquo; and observed that &amp;ldquo;both interactive computing and networking had their origins in the SAGE system.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:35"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:35" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;35&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; But regardless of Licklider&amp;rsquo;s own views, the Defense Department would never have committed funds to projects like ARPANET without the belief that they would ultimately serve specific military objectives and larger Cold War goals.
Thus it becomes clear that computer systems were invented for the Cold War, which provided the justification for massive government spending, and were pushed in particular technological directions. But these same computer systems, in turn, helped to support the discourse of the Cold War; they sustained the fantasy of a closed world that was subject to technological control. Even before ARPANET, the first real computer network was developed by the SAGE project because &amp;ldquo;the massive integration of a centralized, continental defense control system&amp;rdquo; required &amp;ldquo;long-distance communication over telephone lines.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:36"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:36" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;36&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
If the Internet, like networking and computing, in general, was a &amp;ldquo;side effect of the computerization of war,&amp;rdquo; did it also support that militarized and closed vision of the world? On the one hand, the notion of a network of interconnected computers-especially one that could survive nuclear attack-fostered the fantasy of centralized command and control that Edwards sees as crucial to closed-world discourse. Moreover, at least in Defense Department hands, the ARPANET was quite literally a &amp;ldquo;closed world&amp;rdquo; to which only a select number of ARPA-funded sites had access. But, on the other hand, Baran&amp;rsquo;s distributed network-perhaps precisely because it responded to a post-nuclear war scenario-could also have nurtured a highly decentralized view of the world. Norberg and O&amp;rsquo;Neill report, for example, that Defense Department officials initially viewed the new network with suspicion because it would &amp;ldquo;make it easier for subordinates to send messages without the approval of commanding officers, possibly circumventing the military&amp;rsquo;s chain of command. &lt;sup id="fnref:37"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:37" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;37&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
And in the 1960s, there were plenty of reasons to worry about subversion of the chain of command and of military thinking, in general-a fact that Edwards&amp;rsquo;s closed-world analysis seems to ignore.&lt;sup id="fnref:38"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:38" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;38&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; He provides an often perceptive analysis of some of the key Cold War era films, for example. But he does not give enough weight to the way that Dr. Strangelove (1964) both popularized the closed-world discourse but also undercut it by showing the idea of controlling the nuclear world to be an absurd fantasy. Some leading scientists also came to have doubts. In December 1968, fifty senior faculty members at MIT-the center for the most important developments in computing as well as the country&amp;rsquo;s biggest academic defense contractor-circulated a statement that started: &amp;ldquo;Misuse of scientific and technical knowledge presents a major threat to the existence of mankind. Through its actions in Vietnam our government has shaken our confidence in its ability to make wise and humane decisions.&amp;rdquo; That declaration led directly to the founding of the Union of Concerned Scientists early the next year; the group particularly challenged the conventional wisdom on nuclear weapons and fostered debate over military funding of academic research.&lt;sup id="fnref:39"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:39" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;39&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; At least some scientists were beginning to question closed-world visions, and, indirectly, Edwards&amp;rsquo;s own work emerges out of that critical tradition.&lt;sup id="fnref:40"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:40" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;40&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
Those creating the ARPANET could hardly have been unaware of these protests. Just six months before the network&amp;rsquo;s first successful connection in October 1969 between UCLA and the Stanford Research Institute (SRI), massive student protests focused on SRI, calling for an end to all classified, chemical warfare, and counterinsurgency research. On April 18, 1969, 8,000 students and faculty at Stanford voted to commend the protesters for &amp;ldquo;helping focus attention of the campus upon the nature of research being conducted at the University and SRI.&amp;rdquo;&amp;rsquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:41"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:41" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;41&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Antiwar protesters across the country repeatedly targeted closed or classified research.
In addition to those who frontally assaulted the closed-world vision of the defense establishment, there were those who took a less direct but still subversive approach. ARPA money supported the &amp;ldquo;hackers&amp;rdquo; at MIT&amp;rsquo;s Artificial Intelligence Lab, but some of their goals-the free sharing of information, for example-le,d to direct clashes. Richard Stallman, a systems programmer at the lab, carried on a guerrilla war against the use of passwords on the system. The lack of security encouraged by Stallman and others caused nervousness at the Defense Department, which threatened to cut the computer off the ARPANET, since anyone could walk into the lab and connect to the rest of the network.&lt;sup id="fnref:42"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:42" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;42&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
An even more important question about the connection between closed-world discourse and the Internet is how the new global network operated in practice. Edwards shows that military systems like Igloo White and SAGE did not work as planned. What were actual workings of the ARPANET and Internet? To the biographical, bureaucratic, and ideological histories of the Internet, we need to add a social and cultural history MICHAEL AND RONDA HAUBEN&amp;rsquo;s Netizens: On the History and Impact of Usenet and the Internet offers a strikingly different historical narrative of the Internet-one that insists that the real story is not of the &amp;ldquo;wizards&amp;rdquo; who built the Internet but of the &amp;ldquo;Netizens&amp;rdquo; who figured out what it was &amp;ldquo;really&amp;rdquo; for and popularized it. In their populist account, ordinary users who realized that it offered a marvelous medium for democratic and interactive communication created the soul of the new network from the bottom up. And while the book is sometimes repetitive and poorly written, it offers an interpretive perspective that should be central to any future Net history.&lt;sup id="fnref:43"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:43" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;43&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
The Haubens see the bottom-up origins of the Internet in &amp;ldquo;Usenet,&amp;rdquo; the international computer newsgroup network that has more recently been overshadowed by the World Wide Web but still has a substantial presence on the Internet-more than 30,000 different newsgroups covering everything from alien visitations (alt.alien.research) to Zoroastrianism (alt.religion.zoroastrianism). In 1979, two Duke University graduate students, Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis, working with other students at nearby schools, developed some simple programs through which computers using the popular Unix operating system could call each other and exchange files. In effect, the system made possible an online newsletter that would be continuously updated. Those with access to any of the connected computers could read the news postings and add their own comments with the knowledge that they would be quickly read by everyone else; the same program allowed e-mail to be sent between the Unix computers connected by phone modems.
The graduate students consciously saw themselves as offering a networking alternative to the ARPANET, then still limited for reasons of cost and security to Defense Department-funded sites.&lt;sup id="fnref:44"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:44" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;44&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Several months later, they described Usenet as trying to &amp;ldquo;give every Unix system the opportunity to join and benefit from a computer network (a poor man&amp;rsquo;s ARPANET, if you will).&amp;rdquo; Another of the graduate students, Stephen Daniel, later recalled that they had &amp;ldquo;little idea of what was really going on on the ARPANET, but we knew we were excluded.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:45"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:45" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;45&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The students&amp;rsquo; insurgent computer network grew with startling speed: from the initial three sites to 150 two years later, then jumping to 5,000 by 1987. In 1988, Usenet connected 11,000 sites, and participants posted about 1,800 different articles each day. Usenet grew along with the runaway popularity of Unix, which became the standard operating system for the 1980s. A crucial breakthrough had come in 1981 after Usenet gained a tenuous one-way connection from the ARPANET (linked between different computers at the University of California, Berkeley). When graduate student Mark Holton established this gateway, he pierced what some disgruntled Usenet participants described as the &amp;ldquo;iron curtain&amp;rdquo; surrounding ARPANET.&lt;sup id="fnref:46"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:46" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;46&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Barriers fell further two years later when the Defense Department segmented off its military communications into MILNET, which made it less nervous about what traveled over the ARPANET.
The runaway growth of Usenet as a forum for conversation and communication was paralleled by the earlier discovery of e-mail as the most popular use for ARPANET. In 1972, BBN engineer Ray Tomlinson, working on his own, developed a program for sending mail messages across the ARPANET. By the following year, three-quarters of network traffic was devoted to e-mail. Almost overnight, the empty highway found its cars; to this day, e-mail remains the most popular use of the Internet.&lt;sup id="fnref:47"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:47" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;47&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; As with Usenet, e-mail had come from &amp;ldquo;below,&amp;rdquo; from computer users, who wanted to communicate with other computer users, rather than ARPA directives from above. And as with Usenet, the technology had emerged from someone &amp;ldquo;hacking&amp;rdquo; around, rather than carrying out an official plan. Much of the Haubens&amp;rsquo;s book is devoted to a somewhat hyperbolic celebration of Usenet and other computer networks as a democratic and &amp;ldquo;uncensored forum for debate&amp;rdquo; that is the &amp;ldquo;successor to other people&amp;rsquo;s presses, such as broadsides at the time of the American Revolution and the penny presses in England.&amp;rdquo; They argue that the Internet has created a new kind of citizen, the &amp;ldquo;Netizens,&amp;rdquo; who they define as &amp;ldquo;people who decide to devote time and effort into making the Net, this new part of the world, a better place&amp;rdquo;-&amp;ldquo;a regenerative and vibrant community and resource.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:48"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:48" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;48&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The Haubens see the democratic nature of the network growing out of its grass-roots source in the people who created Usenet.
In addition to emphasizing this later moment of creation for the In4ternet and locating its paternity in the person of some Duke graduate students, the Haubens also give a more democratic and grass-roots spin to the earlier history of ARPANET. In particular, they stress a moment in the development of ARPANET that others have described but not necessarily in the same populist tones. This came early in 1969 when BBN convened a &amp;ldquo;Network Working Group&amp;rdquo; to devise the protocols for the new network. Steve Crocker, a bearded young UCLA graduate student, agreed to write up notes from the meetings. Crocker framed his notes to emphasize that &amp;ldquo;anyone could say anything and that nothing was official.&amp;rdquo; He labeled them &amp;ldquo;Request for Comments&amp;rdquo; and this ongoing series of &amp;ldquo;RFCs&amp;rdquo; (distributed ultimately through the medium of the network) became the way that Internet standards have evolved to this day.&lt;sup id="fnref:49"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:49" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;49&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
The Haubens, not surprisingly, celebrate the philosophy behind the RFCs as representing &amp;ldquo;unprecedented openness&amp;rdquo; that fostered the &amp;ldquo;amazing and democratic&amp;rdquo; achievement of the Net and its &amp;ldquo;cooperative culture.&amp;rdquo; They also remind us that the decision to evolve technical standards in such an open-handed way came at a particular moment in time-the 1960s. &amp;ldquo;The open environment needed to develop new technologies,&amp;rdquo; they write, &amp;ldquo;is consistent with the cry for more democracy that students and others raised throughout the world during the 1960s.&amp;rdquo; Not surprisingly, the builders of the APRANET were well aware of this context. Writing in 1987 on &amp;ldquo;The Origins of RFCs,&amp;rdquo; Crocker recalls that &amp;ldquo;the procurement of the ARPANET was initiated in the summer of 1968-Remember Vietnam, flower children, etc.?&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:50"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:50" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;50&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; By placing the rise of the Internet within the 1960s-as-counterculture and the 1960s of the antiwar movement, Crocker and the Haubens suggest an alternative contextual frame to that emphasized by Edwards, who puts the rise of digital computing (and implicitly the Internet) solely within the Establishment 1960s of the Vietnam War and the Cold War.
Both contexts are, of course, important and suggest how we might revise Edwards&amp;rsquo;s analysis to see the Internet as shaped both by the &amp;ldquo;closed world&amp;rdquo; discourse of the Cold War and by the &amp;ldquo;open world&amp;rdquo; discourse of the antiwar movement and the counterculture. Such an analysis would also incorporate the entertaining and revealing story Steve Levy tells in Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. Levy discerns among the hackers of the 1960s and 1970s (who he defines as &amp;ldquo;those computer programmers and designers who regard computing as the most important thing in the world&amp;rdquo;) a &amp;ldquo;philosophy of sharing, openness, decentralization, and getting your hands on machines at any cost-to improve the machines, and to improve the world.&amp;rdquo; Although this &amp;ldquo;hacker ethic&amp;rdquo; was not simply the technological side of the counterculture and the antiwar movement, it drew from some of the same sources. &amp;ldquo;All over the Bay Area,&amp;rdquo; Levy writes of the early 1970s, &amp;ldquo;the engineers and programmers who loved computers and had become politicized during the anti-war movement were thinking of combining the two activities.&amp;rdquo; In 1972, for example, Bob Albrecht launched a tabloid called People&amp;rsquo;s Computer Company (inspired by Janis Joplin&amp;rsquo;s group, Big Brother and the Holding Company), which proclaimed on the cover of its first issue: &amp;ldquo;COMPUTERS ARE MOSTLY USED AGAINST PEOPLE INSTEAD OF FOR PEOPLE. USED TO CONTROL PEOPLE INSTEAD OF TO FREE THEM. TIME TO CHANGE ALL THAT-WE NEED A &amp;hellip; PEOPLE&amp;rsquo;S COMPUTER COMPANY.&amp;rdquo; Among the frequent visitors to the paper&amp;rsquo;s potluck dinners was Ted Nelson, the author of the self-published manifesto of counterculture computing: Computer Lib.&lt;sup id="fnref:51"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:51" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;51&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
Berkeley&amp;rsquo;s Community Memory project similarly merged the impulses of the radical 1960s with the hacker ethic by setting up a time-shared mainframe computer on the second floor of a record store and opening it to free, public use as a kind of combined electronic version of a public library, coffeehouse, urban park, game arcade, and post office. Community Memory embodied, as Levy says, the effort to take &amp;ldquo;the Hacker Ethic to the streets&amp;rdquo; and to allow people to use computer technology &amp;ldquo;as guerrilla warfare for people against bureaucracies.&amp;rdquo; Not coincidentally, some aspects of Community Memory-the decentralization and the free sharing of information-sound like the Internet. And Levy argues that the ARPANET &amp;ldquo;was very much influenced by the Hacker Ethic, in that among its values was the belief that systems should be decentralized, encourage exploration, and urge a free flow of information.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:52"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:52" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;52&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
Among the founders of Community Memory was Lee Felsenstein, a red diaper baby (son of a district organizer for the Philadelphia Communist Party) who had worked as an audio technician for the Free Speech Movement and spent the 1960s moving between seemingly contradictory existences as engineer and political activist. He embodied the two key groups that Martin Campbell-Kelly and William Aspray identify as the vanguard for the personal computer revolution of the early 1970s-first, computer hobbyists who emerged out of the world of radio and electronics aficionados and loved the idea of building their own equipment and, second, computer liberationists who emerged out of the New Left and the counterculture and loved the idea of bringing computers to the people. In the 1970s, Felsenstein became the moderator of the famous &amp;ldquo;Homebrew Computer Club,&amp;rdquo; where computer hobbyists and computer liberationists came together to create the first PCs. (When Felsenstein made a big score himself by designing the Osborne personal computer, he plowed the money into Community Memory.) Activist and counterculturist hackers like Felsenstein, in effect, tried to turn the closed-world discourse on its head and make the personal computer and community networks into &amp;ldquo;supports&amp;rdquo; (to use Edwards&amp;rsquo;s term) for a discourse of freedom, decentralization, democracy, and liberation.&lt;sup id="fnref:53"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:53" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;53&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
Some of the computer developments of the late 1960s and the 1970s, while less directly shaped by radical politics or the counterculture, still bear the imnprint of the period. Ken Thompson and Dennis M. Ritchie, the bearded and longhaired Bell Labs&amp;rsquo; programmers who, in 1969, developed Unix, the operating system behind Usenet, later described themselves as seeking &amp;ldquo;a system around which a fellowship could form.&amp;rdquo; As Campbell-Kelly and Aspray point out, &amp;ldquo;Unix was well placed to take advantage of a mood swing in computer usage in the early 1970s caused by a growing exasperation with large, centralized mainframe computers.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:54"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:54" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;54&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Protests in the 1960s had featured students wearing punch cards around their necks with the slogan &amp;ldquo;Do Not Fold, Bend, Mutilate or Spindle,&amp;rdquo; but the hostility to the large mainframe computers and centralized batch processing extended beyond radical students to computer scientists and computer users who increasingly favored decentralized smaller computers, often running Unix.&lt;sup id="fnref:55"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:55" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;55&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Not coincidentally, Unixstyle operating systems, not dependent on proprietary hardware and software standards, have become known among computer scientists as &amp;ldquo;open systems.&amp;rdquo;
Still, it would be a mistake to collapse the story of computers and the Internet into the story of the radical 1960s, as the Haubens do sometimes. When MIT went on &amp;ldquo;strike&amp;rdquo; on March 4, 1969, most students and faculty spent the day, as usual, in their labs and classes.&lt;sup id="fnref:56"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:56" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;56&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Moreover, many radicals wanted to smash technology rather than liberate it. In 1962, the Port Huron statement had lyrically celebrated the potential of science to &amp;ldquo;constructively transform the conditions of life throughout the United States and the world,&amp;rdquo; but in 1964 Mario Savio, the son of a machinist, had spoken eloquently of the need to &amp;ldquo;put your bodies upon the gears and upon the wheels&amp;rdquo; to stop &amp;ldquo;the machine.&amp;rdquo; And by the late 1960s, many counterculture adherents headed for rural communes.&lt;sup id="fnref:57"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:57" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;57&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; To make the case for the impact of 1960s radicalism on the rise of networking requires a more precise social and political history. We need to know more about the graduate students who crafted the first &amp;ldquo;Requests for Comments.&amp;rdquo; Some of them may have had beards, but most were also willing to take Defense Department funding, which their more radical counterparts would have eschewed. Such a wider social history would also probably help us see that the Internet and Usenet originated in a &amp;ldquo;community&amp;rdquo; but also a very specific kind of community-young graduate students and faculty in Computer Science and related fields. When those young engineers and scientists turned ARPANET into a mail system rather than a medium for sharing computer resources and formulated Usenet, they were participating in a &amp;ldquo;quest for community&amp;rdquo;-but the most important component of that community was technical knowledge rather than sixties-style politics and culture.
To be sure, there were signs of the 1960s on the early networks: drug deals and antiwar messages, for example, flowed through the ARPANET.&lt;sup id="fnref:58"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:58" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;58&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; But the largest amount of traffic was initially about technical matters; the very first e-mail discussion group (MsgGroup), launched in June 1975, was about e-mail itselfparticipants argued heatedly about such fascinating topics as the proper format for e-mail headers. The first invitation to participate in Usenet promised discussions of &amp;ldquo;bug fixes, trouble reports, and general cries for help.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:59"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:59" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;59&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
As late as 1982, most ARPANET and Usenet discussion groups still focused on technical matters. Most other group discourse reflected the leisure pursuits of young male engineers and computer scientists-science fiction, football, ham radios, cars, chess, and bridge.&lt;sup id="fnref:60"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:60" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;60&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Only a few groups considered more broadly political topics like alternate energy production. While the Haubens romanticize the early days of Usenet and ARPANET as the nesting ground for a broad democratic community, it was the creation of a rather more specific form of community. The &amp;ldquo;MsgGroup,&amp;rdquo; explained a Carnegie Mellon graduate student in 1977, &amp;ldquo;is the closest that we have to a nationwide computer science community forum.&amp;rdquo; And for computer science students who were at schools not privileged to have an APRANET connection, Usenet was, as one of them explained, &amp;ldquo;our way of joining the Computer Science community and we made a deliberate attempt to extend it to other not-well-endowed members of the community.&amp;rdquo;&amp;rsquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:61"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:61" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;61&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
Indeed, the rapid growth of Computer Science as an academic discipline in the 1960s and 1970s paralleled and fostered the rapid growth of the Net. In 1962, Purdue and Stanford universities set up the country&amp;rsquo;s first two computer science departments; by 1979, there were about 120. That only fifteen of these universities had ARPANET connections fostered the sense of exclusion that led Truscott and Ellis and other graduate students to create Usenet. Back in 1974, the National Science Foundation had proposed a network for academic computer scientists that would &amp;ldquo;offer advanced communication, collaboration, and the sharing of resources among geographically separated or isolated researchers.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:62"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:62" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;62&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In the early 1980s, that network emerged as CSNET, and, by the mid-1980s, it connected almost all U.S. universities&amp;rsquo; computer science departments. CSNET had connections into APRANET, and it became one of several different networks (for example, BITNET) that would later be combined into the Internet.
While this quest for professional (and male) community may have&amp;rsquo; lacked the political edge of 1960s radicalism, it drew on some of the remnants of a sixties-style ethos, which was still very much alive at universities in the 1970s. Even something as seemingly self-evident as e-mail was propelled by winds of change blowing from the 1960s. As Ian Hardy points out in his study of the emergence of e-mail, the medium&amp;rsquo;s &amp;ldquo;disdain for false formality, its distrust of traditional hierarchy, its time-selfishness, speed, and certainly its ironic juxtaposition of impersonality and emotional directness&amp;rdquo; represented a &amp;ldquo;new culture of interaction&amp;rdquo; that might not have been so readily possible without what Kenneth Cmiel calls the &amp;ldquo;informalization&amp;rdquo; of culture that the 1960s brought.&lt;sup id="fnref:63"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:63" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;63&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In general, then, many of the &amp;ldquo;open&amp;rdquo; qualities of the Internet can be seen as rooted, at least in part, in impulses that came from the 1960s-the open process of creating standards through RFCs drew on challenges to hierarchy and commitments to candor; the rise of e-mail and newsgroups was influenced by a powerful quest for community as well as a growing informality in communication (both in habits of speech and in the rise of alternative newspapers); the interest in decentralized networks gained support from a distrust of large centralized structures, including centralized batch-processing computing and the desire to share information freely; and the rise of alternative networks like Usenet was supported by an effort to break down modes of exclusion. Ironically, while the Department of Defense had very different goals in mind-and often tried to implement them by, for example, restricting access to the APRANET or to what it could be used for-its willingness to embrace the open technical standards embodied in TCP/IP inadvertently sparked the creation of a remarkably open system.
The apparent failure of the Cold War discourse to police its own boundaries suggests that what we think of as &amp;ldquo;sixties&amp;rdquo; hostility to conformity and hierarchy had much broader and deeper sources than just the counterculture, as Thomas Frank shows in his recent book on business and the counterculture, The Conquest of Cool. &amp;ldquo;The meaning of &amp;rsquo;the sixties,&amp;rdquo;&amp;rsquo; he writes, &amp;ldquo;cannot be considered apart from the enthusiasm of ordinary, suburban Americans for cultural revolution.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:64"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:64" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;64&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; A broader picture of the 1960s would, then, include computer science graduate students rejecting proprietary, hierarchically organized, batch-processing computer systems running on IBM mainframes as well as longhaired hippies smoking dope at Woodstock. Or maybe the closed world of the military and the open world of the hippies were not as separate as we sometimes think-at the heart of the military-industrial complex we might find beatnik Maynard G. Krebs with a math degree.&lt;sup id="fnref:65"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:65" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;65&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
In different ways, both Levy and the Haubens help us to see that the more profound challenge to this &amp;ldquo;open&amp;rdquo; vision of the Internet that was rooted (at least in part) in the 1960s came not from its heritage in the Defense Department but rather from an alternative, closed system-corporate capitalism. In 1975, after the first personal computer, the Altair, appeared on the cover of Popular Electr-onics, two teenagers, working from the plans, wrote a BASIC program for the new machine. But even before MITS, the Altair&amp;rsquo;s manufacturer, officially released the program, bootleg copies circulated rapidly among computer enthusiasts imbued with the hacker ethic that &amp;ldquo;information wants to be free.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:66"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:66" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;66&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; One of the teenagers, whose name was Bill Gates (the other was Paul Allen), wrote an angry &amp;ldquo;Open Letter to Hobbyists&amp;rdquo; arguing that people who wrote software ought to get paid. Gates&amp;rsquo;s letter augured a new world in which, Levy writes, &amp;ldquo;money was the means by which computer power was beginning to spread.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:67"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:67" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;67&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Information could not remain free when people were paying large sums in cash.
For the Net, the transition from public or open to private and proprietary started around the same time and also quickly got entangled in questions of &amp;ldquo;ownership.&amp;rdquo; In 1972, ARPA announced that it wanted to sell the network, but the major telecommunications corporations (including AT&amp;amp;T) showed little interest. Others more closely associated with the development of the new networks, however, saw money to be made. BBN, for example, set up its own subsidiary Telenet to provide commercial services and brought in none other than ARPA official Larry Roberts as the president of the new business. A dispute quickly ensued over whether BBN had to share the &amp;ldquo;source code&amp;rdquo; for the Interface Message Processors with their emerging competitors. In this case, government muscle forced BBN to make the code openly available, but it heralded a new era in which corporations would make huge sums off computer software initially developed at government expense.&lt;sup id="fnref:68"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:68" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;68&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
Telenet and some competitors drew directly on the open technologies developed by ARPANET. But some commercial firms took an opposite strategy. Large computer firms such as IBM and Digital Equipment developed proprietary networks-SNA and DECNET, for example-with the goal of keeping customers tied to their own hardware and software.&lt;sup id="fnref:69"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:69" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;69&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; But ironically, the Defense Department&amp;rsquo;s embrace of the &amp;ldquo;open standards&amp;rdquo; of the Internet doomed these efforts to failure. That failure did not, however, keep the Net from moving from a subsidized public good to an arena for profit making. In the 1980s, the National Science Foundation, which had taken control of the Internet from ARPA, moved to privatize it. Populists like the Haubens have bemoaned the transformation from public to private control and ownership, yet the change evoked remarkably little protest. In the 1980s, when most forms of publicly owned goods and services-from public schools and public housing to public parks-were in decline and&amp;quot;an ideology of privatization and deregulation was in ascendance, it seemed like conventional wisdom to turn this public utility over to private ownership.
By the 1980s (and especially by the 1990s), moreover, many of the people who had celebrated the freedom and openness of networks and personal computers had also undergone a transformation that made them inclined to accept this privatization. The affection of many &amp;ldquo;Netizens&amp;rdquo; for free speech and freedom from control had also come to embrace a love for free markets. The liberationism of the many early computer and network enthusiasts had been transformed into libertarianism. &amp;ldquo;Technolibertarianism&amp;rdquo; became one of the central ideologies of the Internet. Many computer liberationists of the 1960s and 1970s now find themselves aligned with conservative free market prophets such as George Gilder and Alvin Toffler.&lt;sup id="fnref:70"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:70" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;70&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; This may be less contradictory than it seems on the surface. As Mark Lilla has recently argued, &amp;ldquo;the cultural and Reagan revolutions took place within a single generation, and have proved to be complementary, not contradictory events.&amp;rdquo; Americans, he writes, &amp;ldquo;see no contradiction in holding down day jobs in the unfettered global marketplace-the Reaganite dream, the left nightmare-and spending weekends immersed in a cultural universe shaped by the sixties.&amp;rdquo;&amp;rsquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:71"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:71" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;71&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In that sense, the Internet of the 1990s may be the perfect synthesis of the anti-hierarchical cultural revolution of the 1960s and the anti-statist political revolution of the 1980s.
Yet this synthesis retains its own internal tensions and contradictions. While free marketeers today celebrate the Internet as the home of &amp;ldquo;people&amp;rsquo;s capitalism,&amp;rdquo; it also seems headed down the road to oligopoly. Three companies-the newly merged MCI WorldCom, Sprint, and Cable &amp;amp; Wireless-probably control threequarters of the Internet backbone.&lt;sup id="fnref:72"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:72" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;72&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Web search companies, which are seen as the portals to the Internet, are busily gobbling each other up or being acquired by larger media conglomerates. Bill Gates&amp;rsquo;s Microsoft Corporation has a pretty good chance of controlling not only all of the personal computers from which people access the Internet but also the browsers through which they read pages on the World Wide Web. And Intel Corporation is poised to be the manufacturer of choice for the chips at the heart of those computers.
Yet the road toward monopolization and centralized control is not preordained. The current antitrust cases against Microsoft and Intel-or, less plausibly, the revival of popular anti-monopoly sentiments-might alter the corporate landscape. In general, the tendencies toward both open and closed systems that have shaped the Internet from its origins remain with us today. On the World Wide Web, we can find web pages from every major corporation, but ordinary people still post their own pages with the same do-it-yourself enthusiasm as the members of the Homebrew Computer Club. (An astonishing 46 percent of web users have created their own pages, according to one recent survey.&lt;sup id="fnref:73"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:73" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;73&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;) Most Internet servers run Unix or Windows NT, but a surprising number (and 3 to 5 million people overall) use a freely distributed operating system called &amp;ldquo;Linux,&amp;rdquo; which itself incorporates crucial components developed by the Free Software Foundation headed by Richard Stallman, the MIT hacker who violated ARPA security. And the most popular web server software (Apache) and the most widely used programming language for web sites (Perl) are also &amp;ldquo;freeware.&amp;rdquo; (Finnish programmer Linus Torvalds first put together Linux in order to get access to Usenet, where he chronicled his progress in developing the software and sought help from other programmers.&lt;sup id="fnref:74"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:74" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;74&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;) Commerce and advertising have infiltrated every corner of the Internet, but millions of people use the Internet to debate ideas or search for love in Usenet discussion groups, America Online chat rooms, and listservs. E-mail remains the single most popular application on the Internet. The degree to which a populist and democratic Internet survives and flourishes depends on larger social and political contexts. A revival of grass-roots democracy in other arenas of American (or international) life-as happened in the 1960s-will reinforce grass-roots democracy on the Internet (and not accidentally will make use of this medium to advance its causes).
The future remains uncertain. But it is clear that any history of the Internet will have to locate this story within its multiple social, political, and cultural contexts. This is particularly true since the Internet (in part because of its origins in the common language of binary digits and TCP/IP) seems to be emerging as a &amp;ldquo;meta-medium&amp;rdquo; that combines aspects of the telephone, post office, movie theater, television set, newspaper, shopping mall, street corner, and a great deal more.75 Such a profound and complex development cannot be divorced from the idiosyncratic and personal visions of some scientists and bureaucrats whose sweat and dedication got the project up and running, from the social history of the field of computer science, from the Cold Warriors who provided massive government funding of computers and networking as tools for fighting nuclear and conventional war, and from the countercultural radicalism that sought to redirect technology toward a more decentralized and non-hierarchical vision of society.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>'So, What's Next for Clio?' CD-ROM and Historians</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/so-whats-next-for-clio-cd-rom-and-historians/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 00:51:52 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/so-whats-next-for-clio-cd-rom-and-historians/</guid><description>&lt;h4 id="introduction"&gt;Introduction&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An interview last year on that bellwether of American culture, &amp;ldquo;Entertainment Tonight,&amp;rdquo; encapsulated the heady transformation that has shaken the world of electronic hypertext in the past year or two. Leeza Gibbons, winding up her chat with male model and free-lance &amp;ldquo;hunk&amp;rdquo; Fabio threw out the classic ET question: &amp;ldquo;So, what&amp;rsquo;s next for Fabio?&amp;rdquo; &amp;ldquo;Well, Leeza,&amp;rdquo; he answered, &amp;ldquo;I&amp;rsquo;m working on an interactive CD-ROM.&amp;rdquo; By early 1994, it seemed as if everyone–even historians, a group not particularly known for technological innovation–was working on interactive CD-ROMs. This was a surprising, really disconcerting development for people like me who had spent a good deal of time in the early 1990s defining CD-ROM to the blank stares of friends and acquaintances– &amp;ldquo;it&amp;rsquo;s just like a music CD, but holds lots of data,&amp;rdquo; I would sputter.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>'Dynamic Syllabi for Dummies': Posting Class Assignments on the World Wide Web</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/dynamic-syllabi-for-dummies-posting-class-assignments-on-the-world-wide-web/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 00:45:36 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/dynamic-syllabi-for-dummies-posting-class-assignments-on-the-world-wide-web/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;As my friends at the Irvin E. Houck Computing Center at Oberlin College, where I teach, can attest, I am not a geek. I never fiddled with the &amp;ldquo;autoexec.bat&amp;rdquo; file on my old DOS computer, I do not know any hard-core programming languages, and I still have trouble remembering which combination of keys to hit when an application freezes. Without question, my three children (ages nine to thirteen) are more comfortable with computers than I am or ever will be. But that very fact has spurred my fascination with educational technology. The coming generation of students will arrive at colleges and universities with many years of experience using computers for education, communication, and entertainment. To ignore or willfully deny this historical transformation is foolhardy, I believe, if we wish to reach and teach these students effectively. Whatever personal ambivalence we may feel about computers, we need to prepare ourselves for the brave new world of bits, bytes, network protocols, and a glut of Internet resources.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>For Better or Worse? The Marriage of the Web and Classroom</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/for-better-or-worse-the-marriage-of-the-web-and-classroom/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 00:21:33 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/for-better-or-worse-the-marriage-of-the-web-and-classroom/</guid><description>&lt;h4 id="introduction"&gt;Introduction&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When we think about the future of teaching history at the college level, one thing we know for certain is that the hypermedia revolution of the past decade is changing irrevocably many of the ways we teach our students about the past.&lt;sup id="fnref:1"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:1" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Recent surveys indicate not only how rapidly this transformation is taking place, but also that historians are rushing at what is, for us, an almost incredible pace to make the new technologies our own.&lt;sup id="fnref:2"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:2" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Almost half of those responding to a 1998 survey by the American Association for History and Computing indicated that they had already created course sites on the web, eighty percent reported using technology in teaching, and just under half require their students to use e-mail for course purposes.&lt;sup id="fnref:3"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:3" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Our students are in almost as much (if not more) of a hurry. Another recent survey, this one of college students age 18-24, reported that almost three-fourths go on-line at least once per day, up from only half just one year ago. Of these &amp;ldquo;wired&amp;rdquo; students, nearly forty percent reported having their own web pages.&lt;sup id="fnref:4"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:4" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Such rapid changes in history teaching and student use of technology are but one small part of a nationwide push to bring our educational system into the digital age. Starting right at the top of the funding pyramid, government and private agencies, as well as individual educational institutions are throwing unprecedented amounts of money at teachers at all levels, in hopes of bringing to fruition the goal articulated so often by President Bill Clinton, of building a &amp;ldquo;bridge to the twenty-first century&amp;hellip;where computers are as much a part of the classroom as blackboards.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:5"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:5" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Evaluating Websites for History Teachers: Using History Matters in a Graduate Seminar</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/evaluating-websites-for-history-teachers-using-history-matters-in-a-graduate-seminar/</link><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2016 00:16:40 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/evaluating-websites-for-history-teachers-using-history-matters-in-a-graduate-seminar/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;This past fall I taught a graduate research seminar at Millersville University on &amp;ldquo;History and Media.&amp;rdquo; My grand objective in the course was to engage graduate students in an inquiry-based investigation:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;What roles are the new media technologies playing in the changing nature of historical practice?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In preparation for the weekly class session, seminar members read online essays, reviewed websites, and prepared written summaries of their &amp;ldquo;electronic fieldwork.&amp;rdquo; The class sessions, held in a networked computer lab, were devoted to discussion and presentation of historical, interpretive, and pedagogical issued raised by the course readings.&lt;sup id="fnref:1"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:1" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Making History on the Web Matter in the Classroom</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/making-history-on-the-web-matter-in-the-classroom/</link><pubDate>Mon, 11 Jul 2016 23:27:03 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/making-history-on-the-web-matter-in-the-classroom/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;One of your students wants to research American consumer culture in the twentieth-century as an independent research project. The student knows that there are many resources available, and tries a search on one of the most sophisticated search engines. This turns up more than 250,000 results, beginning with Cyberattic, an antique site, and a guitar magazine. A similar search on another popular search engine yields more than 46,000 results, including a list of &amp;ldquo;great&amp;rdquo; buildings from the 1980s and a policy funding report. Frustrated, the student consults you and you suggest a search on &lt;em&gt;History Matters: The U.S. Survey Course on the Web&lt;/em&gt;. The student runs a search on &amp;ldquo;Postwar U.S.&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;Consumer Culture.&amp;rdquo; The results include two Web-based archives that provide excellent, reliable resources for this project. Ad* Access, created by the Digital Scriptorum at Duke University, presents more than 7,000 United States advertisements from 1911 to 1955, covering radio, television, transportation, beauty and hygiene, and World War II. The Library of Congress American Memory website, Fifty Years of Coca-Cola Television Advertisements, contains fifty commercials and broadcast outtakes, as well as experimental footage. Together, these sites allow the student to begin her study of twentieth-century consumer culture, perhaps inspiring her to compare print and television advertisements or to analyze the impact of changes in content, technique, and technology. By using History Matters, the student is able to focus on the materials rather than on the Web search and can conduct exciting research with primary materials that were largely unavailable to high school students, and even many university undergraduates, before the spread of the Internet.&lt;sup id="fnref:1"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:1" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Using 'History Matters' with a Ninth-Grade Class</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/using-history-matters-with-a-ninth-grade-class/</link><pubDate>Mon, 11 Jul 2016 23:20:59 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/using-history-matters-with-a-ninth-grade-class/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;I wander around the computer lab watching my ninth grade class, all of whom appear absorbed by what they are discovering on the Internet. Even the sometimes frustrating hunt for new information seems to fascinate them. Occasionally one student calls across the room to another when she stumbles on a new site that might be helpful to someone else. Or students ask me for help in making sense of what they are finding, or in determining whether a site is trustworthy, or in searching for sources on their topic. It&amp;rsquo;s like a community of scholars, I think, except that they are ninth graders in a United States history class in a Jewish Day School in Rockville, Maryland, all of whom carry a double load of classes. (They must takes courses in Jewish subjects, like Rabbinics and Bible, in addition to the usual high school schedule.) If I forget to give a &amp;ldquo;two minute warning&amp;rdquo; before the bell rings so that they can save, log off, and figure out their homework for that night, they work through the bell. They have lost track of time. It&amp;rsquo;s not exactly my doing as their teacher, much as it pleases me to create projects and watch them learn. It&amp;rsquo;s the Internet; and sites like &lt;a href="http://www.historymatters.gmu.edu"&gt;http://www.historymatters.gmu.edu&lt;/a&gt; that help make the Internet safe and accessible for ninth graders.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Using New Media to Teach East European History</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/using-new-media-to-teach-east-european-history/</link><pubDate>Mon, 11 Jul 2016 23:17:29 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/using-new-media-to-teach-east-european-history/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;For decades the residents of Taos, New Mexico have been afflicted by a low frequency humming–sometimes louder, sometimes almost inaudible–but never completely absent.&lt;sup id="fnref:1"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:1" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; On almost every college campus in North America, the buzz about using technology in teaching can be almost as annoying–and with each passing year, it gets louder. Although recent events in the American stock market have taken a good deal of the shine off of the idea that the internet will fundamentally transform the economy, in higher education there seems to be no corresponding waning of enthusiasm for the infusion of new media into the educational experiences of students.&lt;sup id="fnref:2"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:2" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Toward Transparency in Teaching: Publishing a Course Portfolio</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/toward-transparency-in-teaching-publishing-a-course-portfolio/</link><pubDate>Mon, 11 Jul 2016 23:07:53 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/toward-transparency-in-teaching-publishing-a-course-portfolio/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;During the 1999–2000 academic year I devoted a large part of my research energy to an attempt to understand better what happens when we introduce hypermedia into an introductory history survey course. How do new media change student understanding of course content? Do hypermedia improve or detract from students&amp;rsquo; ability to acquire a greater facility with historical methods? Might using hypermedia in a survey course give students new or different insights into something we like to call &amp;ldquo;historical thinking&amp;rdquo;?&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>The Garden in the Machine: The Impact of American Studies on New Technologies Date: December 1999</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/the-garden-in-the-machine-the-impact-of-american-studies-on-new-technologies-date-december-1999/</link><pubDate>Mon, 11 Jul 2016 23:03:48 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/the-garden-in-the-machine-the-impact-of-american-studies-on-new-technologies-date-december-1999/</guid><description>&lt;h4 id="introduction"&gt;Introduction&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;If it seems as though the Internet has seduced us to spend hundreds of hours dumping millions of bytes of language and ideas into cyberspace everyday, it is only because the academic culture was already awash in words and rhetoric aching for new outlets. If it seems as though new interactive technologies– such as electronic discussion lists, bulletin boards, and newsgroups– have instigated venues for every kind of special interest and subfield imaginable, it is only because the academic disciplines have been subdividing and recombining at an accelerated rate ever since curriculum revision inextricably fused with identity politics in the 1960&amp;rsquo;s. And if it seems as though virtual environments and electronic texts are inviting us to make real the presuppositions of postmodern theory, it is only because both postmodern theory and interactive technologies are manifestations of our lived experience in the &amp;ldquo;late age of print.&amp;rdquo; &lt;sup id="fnref:1"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:1" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Brave New World or Blind Alley? American History on the World Wide Web</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/brave-new-world-or-blind-alley-american-history-on-the-world-wide-web/</link><pubDate>Mon, 11 Jul 2016 21:41:12 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/brave-new-world-or-blind-alley-american-history-on-the-world-wide-web/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;In August 1995 Netscape Communications Corporation went public at twenty-eight dollars a share; that fall, it briefly reached a peak of $174–an incredible figure for a company making no real profits and whose best-known product was essentially free. Even at year&amp;rsquo;s end, when the share price settled around $130, its market capitalization was more than five billion dollars–greater than the combined market value of the &lt;em&gt;New York Times&lt;/em&gt; Corporation and United Airlines. Netscape&amp;rsquo;s skyrocketing stock price reflected the sudden discovery by investors and the general public of the Internet, the global network of connected computers that communicate with each other by following a common set of protocols. In November 1969 the Internet&amp;rsquo;s predecessor, the Arpanet (named after its funder, the United States Department of Defense&amp;rsquo;s Advanced Research Projects Agency), consisted of just two specially designed communications computers located in Los Angeles and Palo Alto, California. Its initial users were scientists and technical people, particularly those with Defense Department connections. But in the 1980s and 1990s the Internet rapidly became a broadly accessed medium that began to rival the telephone and post office in importance.&lt;sup id="fnref:1"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:1" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Can You Do Serious History on the Web?</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/can-you-do-serious-history-on-the-web/</link><pubDate>Mon, 11 Jul 2016 21:32:03 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/can-you-do-serious-history-on-the-web/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Many who write and teach history have been intrigued and even excited by the proliferation of historical web sites that keep materializing out of the ether. They increasingly use the Internet as a research tool, and, like their colleagues in other fields, historians have constructed, sometimes in collaboration with web designers, on-line reference guides and collections of materials on numerous subjects. History instructors are also preparing electronic syllabi that provide links to some digitized resources that would be difficult to assign by other means. In some courses students submit web-based projects of their own or work with others on the creation of a site on a particular topic. Such sites can continue to grow with succeeding offerings of the same class, and they can serve a much larger and more widespread audience than the students currently enrolled.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>The Future of Labor's Past</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/the-future-of-labors-past/</link><pubDate>Mon, 11 Jul 2016 21:28:21 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/the-future-of-labors-past/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Each week dozens of new on-line exhibits, archives, films, sound recordings, charts, graphs, essays, maps, journals, books, curricula, student projects, and syllabi adorn the World Wide Web, charting heretofore unchartered territory.&lt;sup id="fnref:1"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:1" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Thousands of history Web sites, indeed, now tender access to millions of primary and secondary sources. Many teachers in the humanities already promote the Web&amp;rsquo;s &amp;ldquo;chat rooms&amp;rdquo; and discussion lists, and growing numbers are beginning to make course material available through university sites.&lt;sup id="fnref:2"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:2" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
Efforts to devise a usable curriculum from this surfeit of material, moreover, have recently appeared at places like the American Social History Project (ASHP) in New York, the Center for History and New Media (CHNM), located at George Mason University, and the American Studies Crossroads Project (ASCP) &lt;sup id="fnref:3"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:3" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;at Georgetown University–to mention only three prominent examples.&lt;sup id="fnref:4"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:4" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Lessons Learned from Building the Famous Trials Website</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/lessons-learned-from-building-the-famous-trials-website/</link><pubDate>Mon, 11 Jul 2016 21:25:40 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/lessons-learned-from-building-the-famous-trials-website/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;In 1996, when I began work on the Famous Trials Website, I understood that putting a site on the Internet is no guarantee that it will attract a wide audience. &amp;ldquo;It&amp;rsquo;s like colonizing a planet in outer space,&amp;rdquo; someone told me. &amp;ldquo;You might create a beautiful world, but how likely is it people will find it and stop by to visit?&amp;rdquo; I knew that students in my Seminar in Famous Trials would use my site–I&amp;rsquo;d make them–but how about the many other people from ages nine to ninety that I knew could benefit from learning about the most compelling trials in history?&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>The Road to Xanadu: Public and Private Pathways on the History Web</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/the-road-to-xanadu-public-and-private-pathways-on-the-history-web/</link><pubDate>Mon, 11 Jul 2016 21:18:56 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/the-road-to-xanadu-public-and-private-pathways-on-the-history-web/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;On August 24, 1965, Theodor Nelson presented a paper to the Association for Computing Machinery national conference in which he introduced the word &amp;ldquo;hypertext&amp;rdquo; to refer to &amp;ldquo;a body of written or pictorial material interconnected in such a complex way that it could not conveniently be presented or represented on paper.&amp;rdquo; Nelson, who had started musing about this sort of associative thinking and linking as a Harvard University graduate student in 1960, viewed &amp;ldquo;hypertext&amp;rdquo; as an integral part of an imagined globally interconnected library and publishing system that would &amp;ldquo;grow indefinitely, gradually including more and more of the world&amp;rsquo;s written knowledge&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;have every feature a novelist or absent-minded professor could want, holding everything he wanted in just the complicated way he wanted it held, and handling notes and manuscripts in as subtle and complex ways as he wanted them handled.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup id="fnref:1"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:1" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Labor History on the World Wide Web: Thoughts on Jumping onto a Moving Express</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/labor-history-on-the-world-wide-web-thoughts-on-jumping-onto-a-moving-express/</link><pubDate>Mon, 11 Jul 2016 21:08:28 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/labor-history-on-the-world-wide-web-thoughts-on-jumping-onto-a-moving-express/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;The World Wide Web has undergone remarkable expansion of late and this growth poses challenges to all historians. In an article published recently in the &lt;em&gt;Journal of American History&lt;/em&gt;, Roy Rosenzweig offered a variety of measures of that growth: the Online Computer Library Center, for instance, reported a fivefold increase in unique web sites between 1997 and 2000, estimating some 7.1 million sites in October 2000; the Search engine Google indexed some 1.3 billion web pages, a figure that now exceeds 1.6 billion as this article is being written (November-December 2001); searchable databases on the World Wide Web, not accessible to conventional search engines, by some estimates total 550 billion web pages.&lt;sup id="fnref:1"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:1" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; As historians we are all used to some version of the information explosion, but this is really too much! What sense can labor historians make of the vast new resources now accessible on the World Wide Web, and how can we best draw on these resources for our research and teaching? It is difficult to climb up on a moving train, but climb on this express we must. And while no one can claim to &amp;ldquo;keep up&amp;rdquo; with the rapidly changing state of the World Wide Web, it is important to take stock of some of the more important resources available on the web and to consider strategies for keeping abreast of this information explosion.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Surfing for the Past: How to Separate the Good from the Bad</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/surfing-for-the-past-how-to-separate-the-good-from-the-bad/</link><pubDate>Mon, 11 Jul 2016 20:54:20 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/surfing-for-the-past-how-to-separate-the-good-from-the-bad/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="http://chnm.gmu.edu/images/harappa.jpg" alt=""&gt;The Internet has become a vast, rich, and primarily free library. With the right website addresses or search strategies, you can quickly access a wealth of primary sources for studying almost any historical topic. For example, &lt;a href="http://www.harappa.com"&gt;Harappa&lt;/a&gt; provides a comprehensive introduction to the ancient Indus culture as well as a rich collection of nineteenth-and twentieth-
century lithographs, postcards, and recorded speeches. The &lt;a href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/africa/africasbook.html"&gt;Internet African History Sourcebook&lt;/a&gt; offers extensive sources on the lives of African people in the Sub-Saharan region and wider Atlantic World and Indian Ocean basin. For U.S. historians, &lt;a href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/amhome.html"&gt;Library of Congress American Memory&lt;/a&gt; websites offer more than 100 collections with seven million digitized items, from African-American political pamphlets to California folk music, from baseball to the Civil War. &lt;a href="http://dohistory.org"&gt;Do History&lt;/a&gt; presents the entire 1,400 page diary, in facsimile and full-text, of eighteenth-century Maine midwife Martha Ballard with tools for decoding Ballard&amp;rsquo;shandwriting. And these examples barely scratch the surface of the thousands of excellent sites offering historical primary sources, including official documents, art, music, and archeological sites.
&lt;img src="http://chnm.gmu.edu/images/DoHist.jpg" alt=""&gt;Many historians are exploring these resources and incorporating them into lectures and assignments or their own research. Many more are overwhelmed by the expansive and ever changing online archive, the challenges of sifting through so many lackluster or advertising-laden websites to find the treasures. Powerful search engines like Google make this work easier, but a search on &amp;ldquo;colonial American history&amp;rdquo; yields close to one million results, including syllabi, textbooks, and promotional material for historic locations.
Problems are exacerbated in the classroom, from the challenges of locating and evaluating history websites to newer concerns over skills for analyzing online primary sources. Recent studies show that college students use online resources heavily–almost seventy-five percent report using the Internet more than the library. Student papers and projects, however, often lack the critical evaluation of online resources demanded of more traditional sources. This presents a valuable opportunity–to teach critical thinking skills in the context of making effective use of Internet resources. This article offers strategies for evaluating websites, locating reliable resources, and helping students learn to analyze various kinds of online primary sources.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Scarcity or Abundance? Preserving the Past in a Digital Era</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/scarcity-or-abundance-preserving-the-past-in-a-digital-era/</link><pubDate>Mon, 11 Jul 2016 20:49:55 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/scarcity-or-abundance-preserving-the-past-in-a-digital-era/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;On October 11, 2001, the satiric Bert Is Evil web site, which displayed photographs of the furry Muppet in Zelig-like proximity to villains such as Adolf Hitler (see Figure 1), disappeared from the web–a bit of collateral damage from the September 11th attacks. Following the strange career of Bert Is Evil shows us possible futures of the past in a digital era–futures that historians need to contemplate more carefully than they have done so far.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>'We Shall Be All': Designing History for the Web</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/we-shall-be-all-designing-history-for-the-web/</link><pubDate>Mon, 11 Jul 2016 20:46:56 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/we-shall-be-all-designing-history-for-the-web/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Before I begin to talk about history and the web, I need set some boundaries. Instead of examining jeremiads in which professors are turned into digital piece workers and books disappear or conversion chronicles in which digital zealots bear witness to anything with high bits, I want to move into the middle ground. Armed with common sense, a good deal of practical experience, and Occam&amp;rsquo;s Razor, I wish to descend from the lofty world of management vision statements to the academy&amp;rsquo;s shop floor and explore some of the thinking about technology and teaching common in colleges and universities. These are the premises and arguments, both informed and misinformed, that faculty must sort through on a day to day basis as they cope with the educational e-world.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Building Effective Course Sites: Some Thoughts on Design for Academic Work</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/building-effective-course-sites-some-thoughts-on-design-for-academic-work/</link><pubDate>Mon, 11 Jul 2016 20:43:59 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/building-effective-course-sites-some-thoughts-on-design-for-academic-work/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;While some faculty may still dismiss the internet as an annoying fad, they stand on the edge of what Thomas Kuhn famously called a &amp;ldquo;paradigm&amp;rdquo; shift. Like it or not, academics beginning in this decade will surely finish their careers in a digital age. Digital technology promises to reshape the way we do our research our writing and our publication, but its most notable impact to date has been on teaching.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Top Ten Mistakes in Academic Web Design</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/top-ten-mistakes-in-academic-web-design/</link><pubDate>Mon, 11 Jul 2016 20:40:14 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/top-ten-mistakes-in-academic-web-design/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Faculty usually make their first foray into integrating technology into their teaching by putting their syllabus on the Web. Putting a syllabus into digital format renders it accessible to students and solves a number of logistical and routine problems for the instructor. A smaller number of higher education folk mount entire courses on-line, both for distance education and for traditional course enhancements. Presently, there are enough of these examples to make some comments about the usability of these sites and where they are going wrong. So, with a tip of the hat to David Letterman and Jakob Neilsen, the top ten mistakes in academic web design are:&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Should Historical Scholarship Be Free?</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/should-historical-scholarship-be-free/</link><pubDate>Mon, 11 Jul 2016 20:36:38 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/should-historical-scholarship-be-free/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;On February 3, 2005, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) issued a new policy on &amp;ldquo;Enhancing Public Access to . . . NIH-Funded Research.&amp;rdquo; It urges NIH-funded researchers to make all their peer-reviewed journal articles available for free to everyone through a central repository called &amp;ldquo;PubMed Central,&amp;rdquo; within 12 months of publication in a journal. Although the original force of the initiative was diluted through industry lobbying, the NIH measure represents government recognition of the principle that research, especially government-supported research, belongs to the public, which should not have to pay the prohibitively high subscription charges levied by many
scholarly journals.&lt;sup id="fnref:1"&gt;&lt;a href="#fn:1" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Crashing the System? Hypertext and Scholarship on American Culture</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/crashing-the-system/</link><pubDate>Mon, 11 Jul 2016 20:30:05 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/crashing-the-system/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Looking back over my folder of more than 250 e-mail messages from my past year as &amp;ldquo;guest editor&amp;rdquo; for this experimental section of &lt;em&gt;American Quarterly&lt;/em&gt; on &amp;ldquo;hypertext and American Studies scholarship,&amp;rdquo; I see many messages that deal with topics familiar to those who have done any scholarly editing&amp;ndash;discussions of acceptance and rejection letters, suggestions for revisions, and, of course, reminders of impending and past deadlines. Yet others have more unusual subject headings like &amp;ldquo;20K streams,&amp;rdquo; &amp;ldquo;still further testing,&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;AQ article crashes Netscape.&amp;rdquo; No doubt, &lt;em&gt;American Quarterly&lt;/em&gt; editors have had to deal with many different kinds of disgruntled readers over the years, but I am surely the first to need to respond to people complaining of &amp;ldquo;JavaScript errors&amp;rdquo; that were &amp;ldquo;crashing&amp;rdquo; their browsers.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>A Servile Copy: Text Reuse and Medium Data in American Civil Procedure</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/a-servile-copy-text-reuse-american-civil-procedure/</link><pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/a-servile-copy-text-reuse-american-civil-procedure/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Digital Mapping as a Research Tool: Digital Harlem: Everyday Life, 1915-1930</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/digital-mapping-as-a-research-tool-digital-harlem/</link><pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/digital-mapping-as-a-research-tool-digital-harlem/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Searching for Anglo-American Digital Legal History</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/searching-for-anglo-american-digital-legal-history/</link><pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/searching-for-anglo-american-digital-legal-history/</guid><description/></item><item><title>The Differences Between Digital History and Digital Humanities</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/differences-between-digital-history-and-digital-humanities/</link><pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/differences-between-digital-history-and-digital-humanities/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Jane, John ... Leslie? A Historical Method for Algorithmic Gender Prediction</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/jane-john-leslie-algorithmic-gender-prediction/</link><pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/jane-john-leslie-algorithmic-gender-prediction/</guid><description/></item><item><title>What the Teacup Said to the Tartan: Students Reveal the Historical Narratives Hidden in Everyday Objects</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/what-the-teacup-said-to-the-tartan/</link><pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/what-the-teacup-said-to-the-tartan/</guid><description/></item><item><title>User Generated Content Policy</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/content-policy/</link><pubDate>Tue, 14 Jan 2014 12:34:38 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/content-policy/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;RRCHNM defines user-generated content (UGC) as content in the form of text, video, still image, or audio that is submitted by a user for publication on a RRCHNM website or other interactive service; involves some creative effort on the part of the user in creating original content or adapting existing content; and is self-produced and submitted without expectation of payment.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id="standards-signposting-ugc"&gt;Standards Signposting UGC&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;RRCHNM will clearly distinguish UGC from other content produced, commissioned, or acquired by RRCHNM.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Using Metadata and Maps to Teach the History of Religion</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/publications/using-metadata-and-maps-to-teach-history-of-religion/</link><pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/publications/using-metadata-and-maps-to-teach-history-of-religion/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Copyright</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/copyright/</link><pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2009 16:11:15 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/copyright/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;The Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media will adhere to the following policies in web-based publications:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;All of RRCHNM’s activities are for educational and non-commercial purposes and so the use of any copyrighted material by RRCHNM is restricted to educational and non-commercial purposes. RRCHNM will not make any copyrighted material commercially available without the written permission of the copyright holder.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;We will make free use of all documents that are in the public domain because of the expiration of copyright, because copyrights have not been renewed, because they lack proper notice, or because they were never copyrighted in the first place (e.g., government documents).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;For works in which copyright remains in force:
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Published and Unpublished Texts, including letters, diaries, novels, newspaper and magazine articles, essays, works of scholarship and other similar texts can be excerpted as educational fair use. RRCHNM will generally not excerpt more than 10 percent or 1,000 words from any of these texts, whichever is the smaller portion of the text, without the written permission of the copyright holder. But, following the fair use provisions of the copyright law, which are a set of guidelines rather than rigid rules, we might present larger or longer portions of works where the material is purely factual, where the material is not currently in print or readily available, or where the affect on market is limited. (Thus, for example, we would be less likely to post an entire article from the New York Times, which sells individual articles from its archive, than from another newspaper that doesn’t market its archive and which is not readily available to students and scholars.) In addition for shorter selections (e.g., a newspaper article), we might present a significantly longer percentage of the whole. We might also, for example, present a series of short excerpts from different newspapers. In the case of a translated excerpt that is still in copyright, the whole work would be the translated portion. Thus, if someone has translated 2,000 words of a longer work from Japanese to English, we would need permission unless we were just excerpting a small portion of that translation (e.g., 200 words).We will seek permission in other cases, but if a publisher is out of business and not available, we will consider a “good faith” effort adequate and will offer to remove the material if a copyright holder surfaces.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Films: We will consider short excerpts of copyrighted films (ca. 3 minutes and no more than 2 per film) fair use when done for educational purposes.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Music: A short excerpt (say 30 seconds) might constitute fair use, although we will generally present music at a lower fidelity (e.g., 48 mhz rather than CD quality).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Radio: Scripted radio programs from after 1923 are generally in copyright for the script, but short excerpts (say five minutes of an hour program) would be permissible fair use. The sound recordings might be covered under copyright but arguably not when they are being used for educational purposes. Hence, unscripted radio programs can probably be presented. Where the script is publicly and freely available (as with some programs made available under the tobacco settlement), there might be a strong presumption of fair use.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Poetry/lyrics: Care needs to be taken in presenting more than short excerpts from these because music publishers and poetry estates are notoriously aggressive in protecting rights. Nevertheless, there is certainly a case for fair use of excerpts and even an argument for a greater need to quote the entire work.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Images: It is often difficult to excerpt from an image and, as a result, it can be permissible in some circumstances to use an entire image—for example, when the image is crucial to the educational message, it is part of a larger presentation with text, or it is only one image in a series. A good, fair use case, moreover, can be made for small excerpts from a larger image. In general, the fair use claim is stronger if the image is presented at lower resolution or in thumbnail form.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Maps: Use of a copyrighted map requires permission, but it is permissible to create our own version of the map using the uncopyrightable underlying facts. If the map presents unconventional material, however, it may not be permissible to directly re-create it. Reproducing sections of a copyrighted map can be allowable fair use.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Websites: Screenshots of websites when used in the context of a commentary about that website are fair use.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Original two-dimensional images owned by museums and libraries: Some museums and libraries require permission for the use of images that are in the public domain. Following the logic of the decision in Bridgeman v. Corel, we believe that straightforward photos of public domain art can be freely used, e.g., you can scan an 1890 photograph published in a 1990 book and place it online.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The collection of images and texts within our tools (e.g., the web scrapbook) is not a copyright infringement.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;We will include the following copyright disclaimer (or a link to it) on our websites: “Pursuant to the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, George Mason University has designated an agent to respond to reports alleging copyright infringement. Any such allegations should be sent to:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;p&gt;George Mason University Libraries
Copyright and Scholarly Communications
Mailstop 2FL
Fairfax, Virginia 22030
Telephone: (703) 993-2240
E-mail: &lt;a href="mailto:publish@gmu.edu"&gt;publish@gmu.edu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Sitemap</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/sitemap/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/sitemap/</guid><description/></item><item><title>The Backlist</title><link>https://rrchnm.org/backlist/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://rrchnm.org/backlist/</guid><description/></item></channel></rss>